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American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

ISSN: 1553-3468
Subject: chemistry biochemistry biotechnology
Published by Science Publications

No Issue Number

POLYSULFONE COMPOSED OF POLYANILINE NANOPARTICLES AS NANOCOMPOSITE PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELL
Proton exchange membranes play a critical role in the performance of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) but their high price was always a big deal for commercialization of MFCs. In the present study, doped and undoped polyaniline nanoparticles/polysulfone nanocomposites membranes as a new type of PEM, were fabricated and applied in the MFC and their performance was compared with Nafion 117 as a traditional and expensive PEM. The obtained results show that MFC working by undoped Pani/Ps generated 78.1 mW/m2 which is higher than doped Pani/Ps system with 62.5 mW/m2. However, Naion 117 generated the highest power than other types of membrane by 93 mW/m2. It means that undoped Pani/Ps can compete in power generation with Nafion 117 and this is an outlook toward commercialization of MFC.
MASS TRANSFER LIMITATION IN DIFFERENT ANODE ELECTRODE SURFACE AREAS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DUAL CHAMBER MICROBIAL FUEL CELL
In this study, the effect of different electrode surface areas on the performance of dual chamber Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) was investigated. Four different electrodes with 12, 16, 20 and 24 cm2 surface areas were tested in an MFC system. The 20 cm2 electrode generated an output power of 76.5 mW/m2 was found to be the highest among all the electrodes tested. This might be due to better interactions with microorganism and less mass transfer limitation. In addition, this indicates that the chances for attachment of bacteria and generation of electricity in larger electrode surface areas might be limited by mass transport and by higher surface area. The output power generation was then followed by the 16, 12 and 24 cm2 electrodes which generated 69.6, 64.7 and 61.25 mW/m2 electricity, respectively.
2-D GEL ELECTROPHORESIS MAP OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS TREATED WITH QUERCUS INFECTORIA GALL EXTRACT

The widespread outbreak of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) has caused clinical and epidemiological concern in hospital environment. The emergence of Vancomycin-Intermediate S. Aureus (VISA) and, more recently, Vancomycin-Resistant S. Aureus (VRSA) has further alarmed clinician and scientist worlwide. The objective of this study is to determine the optimum concentration of sample protein from MRSA after treatment with acetone extract from Quercus infectoria gall. Comparison of the Protein Expression Profile (PEP) between the treated MRSA and untreated strain as control was obtained using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of acetone extract of galls from Q. infectoria against two strains of MRSA; ATCC 33591 and PPUKM clinical isolate was determined by broth microdilution method. The MIC value of acetone extracts against both strains of MRSA was 0.3125 mg mL ^-1 compared to vancomycin (0.00195 mg mL ^-1). The optimum concentration of MRSA protein that produced the best resolution was 100 �g. Manifold technique was observed to produce a gel with better resolution and greater number of spot compared with the strip holder technique. This study showed that there were 7 protein spots that represented the increased in the protein expression of more than 2-fold in the MRSA treated with acetone extract of galls Q. infectoria compared to the untreated group. This preliminary study on the PEP of Q. infectoria galls extract-treated MRSA may provide an insight of its antimicrobial mechanism which could lead to the identification of target protein in the future development of a new effective regimen for the treatment of MRSA infections.
MOLECULAR STUDY OF ENERGY RELATED MITOCHONDRIAL GENES IN ARABIAN AND BACTRIAN CAMELS
The single-humped camel, Camelus dromedaries inhabiting Afro-Arabia and the double-humped camel, Camelus bactrianus inhabiting central Asia are the only species in their genus. The present study aimed to amplify and partially sequence the mitochondrial DNA genes encoding for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, ATP synthase subunit 6 (ATP6), cytochrome b and displacement region (d-loop) in the single-humped camel and compare it to their counterparts already sequenced for the double-humped camel. These energy-related genes showed amino acid substitutions gradually increased according to their locations among macromolecular energy transducers. Both ATP synthase 6 in the central core and cytochrome b in the inner mitochondrial membrane acquired the greatest substitutions of 5 and 7 amino acids, respectively. Cytochrome c oxidase is the terminal complex of the electron transport chain of the inner mitochondrial membrane and it showed no substitutions. These substitutions seemed to be correlated with the energy metabolism in both camel phenotypes. The d-loop showed tandem repeats of six nucleotides at its 3` end with polymorphism between both species without any evidence relates such variation to energy production.
BIOSORPTION OF TERNARY CADMIUM, NICKEL AND COBALT IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION ONTO SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE CELLS: BATCH AND COLUMN STUDIES
The aim of this study was to remove cadmium, nickel and cobalt ions from aqueous solutions using yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pre-treated with ethanol. The cells are immobilized using polysulfone in both batch and continuous systems. To optimize the adsorption capacity of the yeast biomass, a batch system was used to investigate the effects of initial pH, initial biomass dose and initial metal ion concentration. Optimum conditions were obtained at pH 8 with a biomass of and ion concentrations of 8 and 100 mg L-1, respectively. Under these conditions, the maximum uptake capacity was 3.1 mg g-1 for cadmium, 1.2 mg g-1 for nickel and 0.68 mg g-1 for cobalt. To estimate the biomass uptake capacity of the ethanol pretreated S. cerevisiae, the isothermal Langmuir model was found to be a better fit with a correlation coefficient of R2 <0.964. Factors observed affecting biomass ion adsorption in the continuous system are initial concentration of single or multi-metallic ions, the column height of bead system and the input flow rate. The optimum conditions for the continuous system were determined at pH 8, initial metal ion concentration of 100 mg L-1, bead column height of 25 cm and the input flow rate of 1 mL min-1. The calculated uptake capacity of the metal ions was 3.74 mg g-1 for cadmium, 1.57 mg g-1 for nickel and 1.56 mg g-1 for cobalt. The Thomas model (0.9524<R2<0.9957) was shown to be more consistent compared with the test results. Polysulfone immobilization of yeast was found to increase removal by 48% compared to non-immobilized ethanol pr-treated yeast.
ACETONE REMOVAL AND BIOELECTRICITY GENERATION IN DUAL CHAMBER MICROBIAL FUEL CELL

Synthetic waste water contain organic compound can be oxidized in an anaerobic conditions in microbial fuel cell while biodegradation of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) takes place under anaerobic condition in anode compartment. The microorganisms for biological treatment of the organic matter were obtained from a UASFB bioreactor. In the treatment of waste water, ones COD was removed the current and power was generated and record. Also polarization curve was obtained. In cathode compartment ferocynide and potassium permanganate with several concentration were add for enhancement of proton oxidation. The performance of MFC for maximum current and power generation were obtained with 300 �M L ^-1 potassium permanganate as oxidizers agent. Maximum generated power and current densities were 22 mW/m ² and 70 mA/m ², respectively. Active microorganisms used acetone as electron donors and COD removal was 69% at the end of process.
ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS, LIPID PROFILE AND PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN HEALTHY AND BRONCHOPNEUMONIC WATER BUFFALO CALVES

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of Acute Phase Proteins (APP), lipid profiles and proinflammatory cytokines in healthy and bronchopneumonic water buffalo calves. Therefore, sixty water buffalo calves (9�1 month old, 175�15 kg) were divided into two equal groups, the first group represented healthy, control, calves whereas calves of the second group were affected with bronchopneumonia. Total leukocytic and differential counts were determined. Serum total protein, albumin, Triacylglyceol (TAG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), Total cholesterol, Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT), Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Fibrinogen (Fb), Haptaglobin (Hp), Serum Amyloid A (SAA), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukins (IL1β, IL-12) and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were also determined. In addition, Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) was collected and analyzed. The present findings indicated that, total leukocytic and neutrophils counts were significantly (p <0.05) higher in pneumonic water buffalo calves compare with control. The examined biochemical parameters were significantly (p <0.05) increased in pneumonic calves except for total protein, albumin, cholesterol and HDL-c which were significantly (p <0.05) lower compare with control. Serum concentrations of investigated APP and proinflammatory cytokines were significantly (p <0.05) higher in pneumonic water buffalo calves than those of control. The present study demonstrated that, APP, lipid profile and proinflammatory cytokines perhaps served as biomarkers of bronchopneumonia in water buffalo calves. However, future studies with higher baseline sampling are still needed to establish and validate reference values for APP and cytokines in water buffalo calves.
EFFECTS OF SOME HEAVY METALS IN SOME MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN MAIZE SEEDLINGS

Nowadays the heavy-metal pollution of the soil is causing ever greater problems, exacerbated by the fact that the heavy metals accumulated in plants may, either directly or indirectly, find their way into animals and human beings. Maize is one of the world’s most important crops, ranking third after wheat and rice, so the changes induced by one of the most toxic heavy metals. The experiment design was randomly with repetition. Prepared seeds are placed on the germinator for germination which was added 10 mL H ₂O. Cultivation lasted 15-20 days at temperature 25�C in vegetative room. During the experiment in growth period are prepared the concentrations of heavy metals (600 mL/1 Kg compost); for lead (Pb ²⁺): 200 μM (T1), 400 μM (T2) and 400 μM (T3); for cadmium (Cd ²⁺): 60 μM (T4), 120 μM (T5) and 180 μM (T6); for Mercury (Hg ²⁺): 33 μM (T7), 66 μM (T8) dhe 100 μM (T9). Elements concentrations of heavy metals (HM’s) solutions include Pb, Cd and Hg, were examined in all (except control) treatments, because their intoxication was at higher doses compare to control and a part of them of residual od HM’s in the substrate was transport in different parts of plants. The plants of maize populations for leaf area was characterized on higher values 40.48 cm ² plant ^-1 or expressed in percentage the variation was 82.01%. The exposure of maize seedlings to Pb ²⁺, Cd ²⁺ and Hg ²⁺ resulted in a reduction of chlorophyll and carotenoids content in leaves compare to control. From our research with different treatments with various genotype and heavy metals the differences in the content of chlorophyll effects and carotenoides was different and significantly higher at level of probability of LSD p = 0.01.
PHENOLIC CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SALIX ALBA
The total phenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of hot ethanolic extract of Salix alba bark were investigated. The antioxidant properties and the total phenolic contents of the extract were assessed by 1, 1-Diphenyl- 2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively. The extract showed significant antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The highest effect was observed on C. albicans, followed by S. aureus then P. aeruginosa. While, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were not affected. The cytoxicity of S. alba extract against the Human Leukemia (HL-60) cell line was evaluated, it had been noticed that the extract significantly reduced the viability of HL-60 cells in a dose- and time-dependent response relationship. Findings from the present study indicate that extract is highly cytotoxic to HL-60 cells. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of S. alba extract seemed to be positively correlated with their antioxidant potentials.
DEGUMMING OF RAW SILK FABRIC WITH HELP OF MARINE EXTRACELLULAR PROTEASE

Protease secreting microbe was isolated and characterized on the basis of their morphological, biochemical, physiological and 16S rDNA based molecular properties. The extracellular protease was quantified and characterized. Protease was used for different time (4, 8, 12 and 24 h) at different temperature (RT and 37�C) for optimization of the degumming process for raw silk fabric with enzyme dosage (0.2-1 unit/cm ² of fabric). Post-enzymatic treatment, the fabric quality and texture was compared with conventionally treated as well as untreated fabric in terms of degumming loss, tensile strength and yarn count and colour fastness to light/water. The isolate SM1 ( Bacillus thuringensis ) was able to grow in Carbon Minimal Salt Medium (CMSM) with jaggery or tamarind as the carbon source (0.3% w/v). Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescense (EDXRF) data showed intracellular accumulation of heavy metal by the isolate. Extracellular protease was able to degum silk fabric within 4 h at RT with enzyme concentration of 0.8unit/cm ² and the maximum degumming loss was 21.72%. Post enzymatic degumming, a shiny texture was observed under Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) and the yarn volume also increased. Utilization of CMSM made the process cost effective during large scale application. Intracellular metal accumulation and growth in a wide range of temperature and pH made the isolate a potential candidate for bioremediation. Extracellular protease with significant degumming property could be used as an eco friendly approach as compared to the conventional chemical treatment.
Multiple Antibiotic Resistances of Vibrio Isolates from Coastal and Brackish Water Areas
An experiment was designed to assess the occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistances in Vibrio sp from different (brackish and marine) environments. Water samples from nine marine landing sites and two coastal inland aquaculture farms were screened for the Vibrio spp and assessed their resistance to twenty-two different antibiotics, which are commonly encountered in the aquatic ecosystem. Tissue samples (shrimp, mussel and sepia) were tested from the sampling site with highest antibiotic resistance. Of the total 119 Vibrio isolates, 16. 8% were susceptible to all antibiotics. Of the resistant (83.19%) Vibrio strains, 30.3% were resistant against three antibiotics, 55.5% were resistant against 4-10 antibiotics, 14.14% were resistant against more than 10 antibiotics and 54% have shown multiple antibiotics resistance (MAR). Antibiotic resistance index was higher in Coastal 3, 6, Aqua farm 2 in isolates from water samples and all the tissues tested. Interestingly, incidence of antibiotic resistance in isolates from water samples was comparatively lower in aquaculture farms than that observed in coastal areas. Highest incidence of antibiotic resistance was evident against Amoxycillin, Ampicillin, Carbencillin and Cefuroxime followed by Rifampicin and Streptomycin and lowest against Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Chlortetracycline, Furazolidone, Nalidixic acid, Gentamycin Sulphafurazole, Trimethoprim, Neomycin and Amikacin irrespective of the sampling sites. Results from various tissue samples collected from the sites of highest antibiotic resistance indicated that antibiotic resistance Vibrio spp collected from fish and tissue samples were higher than that of water samples. Overall results indicated that persistent use of antibiotics against diseases in human beings and other life forms may pollute the aquatic system and their impact on developing antibiotic resistant Vibrio sp may be a serious threat in addition to the use of antibiotics in aquaculture farms.
Biochemical and Immunological Study on the Effects of Barley and its Components as Hypoglycemic Agents in Diabetic Rats
The present study was carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L) and some of its components such as amino acids (L-leucine and L-glutamine) and chromium picolinate on some biochemical and immunological parameters of alloxan induced diabetic rats. Alloxan-diabetic rats were treated with barley water (10% w/v) at a dose 10 ml Kg ^-1 b.wt., chromium picolinate at 15 g Kg ^-1 b.wt., L-leucine plus L-glutamine at 4.5 mg & 15 mg Kg ^-1 b.wt., and/or the combination of barley plus chromium plus L-leucine and L-glutamine at the same previous doses in the same water volume, respectively. Rats received the treatments in their drinking water for four weeks. The levels of glucose, immunoglobulin G (IgG), total lipids (TL), cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were significantly (P <0.05) increased, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased in plasma of alloxan-diabetic rats compared to control group. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acid phosphatase (AcP) and alkaline phosphatase (AlP) were significantly (P <0.05) decreased in both plasma and liver of alloxan-diabetic rats. On the other hand, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) decreased in plasma and increased in liver of alloxan-diabetic rats. Treatment of the diabetic rats with repeated doses of any one of the three treatments alone could restore the changes of the above parameters to their normal levels after four weeks of treatment. However, treatment with the combination of all together did not show complete restoration. Furthermore, the electron microscope results were supported biochemical and immunological findings. The present results showed that barley, amino acids and chromium picolinate exerted antihyperglycemic effects and consequently may alleviate liver damage caused by alloxan-induced diabetes.
Endothelial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance as Pathophysiologic Mechanisms in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia
Problem statement: To assess the plasma concentrations and placental gene expression of soluble fms like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), visfatin and Tumour Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) in a rat model of preeclampsia, induced by chronic Reduction of Uterine Perfusion Pressure (RUPP) and to investigate the involvement of Insulin Resistance (IR) in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia and the possible relation of visfatin and TNFα to IR in preclampsia. Approach: Twenty female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-250 g were divided into either RUPP (n = 10) or Normal Pregnant (NP; n = 10) (control) groups. Plasma levels and placental gene expression of sFlt-1, VEGF, visfatin, TNFα, plasma endothelin (ET-1), glucose, serum insulin, creatinine, HOMA-IR and placental Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidants were measured. Also, Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), fetal number and weight were determined. Results: In RUPP rats, MAP increased, plasma level and placental gene expression of sFlt-1, visfatin and TNFα increased while those of VEGF decreased. Moreover, plasma ET-1, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR increased while GFR, fetal weight and number decreased. There is a significant positive correlation between TNFα, ET-1, sFlt-1 and MAP, between plasma visfatin or TNFα levels and both serum insulin and HOMA-IR, between visfatin and TNFα, between TNFα and ET-1 and between placental MDA and either sFlt-1 or ET-1. Furthermore, a negative correlation was reported between VEGF and MAP. Conclusion: RUPP increased sFlt-1, TNFα and decreased VEGF resulting in endothelial dysfunction which is manifested by increased MDA and ET-1. This results in altered renal function and hypertension. Moreover, IR may be involved in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Visfatin and TNFα, may have a role in IR during preclampsia.
Feasibility of Treatment of the Waters of a Wadi Charged in Iron by Filters Planted of Macrophytes (Phragmites australis)
Problem statement: The context is summarized by the presence of important Steel manufactory close to the wadi Meboudja and its effluents rejected into the wadi which contaminate the water used for irrigation by the local farmer. Approach: The goal is to determine the usefulness of Macrophytes (Phragmites australis) to filter some specific industrial effluents (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn and Cr) present into water of wadi Meboudja. The use of Reeds (Phragmites australis) can be considered as a biologic and an economic solution to minimize the concentration of some industrial effluent, especially Iron which is highlighted in this article. An experimental device was built, and considered as pilot, formed of three basins plus reservoir. We use the water of Wadi to irrigate the “Phragmites australis” which are initially appropriated from Oubaiira Lake in a natural medium. Water and Reeds samples are selected for analyses. Results: Iron is found in important concentration compared to the other Elements Metal Traces (ETM). Such a variation seems to be directly related to the rate of industrial production, fluctuations of the climatic factors and the capacities of assimilation of the plants crop. It is essentially concentrated into the roots of Reeds compared to stems and leafs. For example, in one repetition we found difference between the exit sample and the entry one in basin-1of (60-23=) 37 mg g-1 into roots. Conclusion: Plantation of Reeds (Phragmites australis) seems a natural solution to reduce elements metal traces, in particularly Iron, into water of wadi Meboudja. Other analysis on the garden products of local farmers should be conducted in order to quantify possible hazards on the health of consumers.
Determination of Precipitation Limit of Zn(II) Ion with (2S)-2-Aminobutanedioic Acid
Problem statement: In this study we examined the precipitation of Zn(II) ion in water solutions of ZnSO4.7H2O (1.10-2 and 5.10-3 mol L-1) with (2S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid (1.10--1.10-3 mol L-1) in constant ionic strength of 0.6 mol L-1 NaCl. We have determined the concentration region where we have found the clear solution and solid phase. The solid phase is analyzed by IR spectroscopy. Approach: From precipitation diagrams of zinc with (2S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid in ionic force 0.6 mol L-1 NaCl, we have found that during decreasing the concentration (2S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid in case of constant concentration of Zn(II) the limit of precipitation is shifted to lower values of pH. Results: Also from precipitation diagrams we can see that when the concentration of zinc increases, in case of constant concentration of (2S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid the limit of precipitation will shift at lower values of pH. Conclusion: From the IR spectroscopic analysis we can conclude that Zn (II) ion has reacted with (2S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid.
Chemical Composition of Propolis from Different Regions in Java and their Cytotoxic Activity
Problem statement: Propolis samples from tropical zones, such as Java (Indonesia) with its vast biodiversity, have become a subject of increasing scientific and economic attention. The association of the chemical composition of propolis from different geographic regions with cytotoxic activities lead to the identification of active principles, a fundamental tool to achieve standardization of this bee product. Approach: The purpose of this research was evaluate the quality of propolis collected at different places in Java (Indonesia) based on cytotoxic activity. The ethanolic extracts of propolis from different areas in Java were tested for cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines (T47D, MCF-7, Hela, Myeloma and Vero) using MTT assay. Propolis samples were collected from Batang (Central Java), Lawang (East Java) and Sukabumi (West Java). Results: The extract of propolis from Batang showed the most potent activity of T47D and MCF-7 with IC50 34.67±8.3 and 37.8±2.5 µg mL-1. The extract of propolis from Sukabumi showed the most potent activity of Hela cell with IC50 147.34±8.9. However, all propolis extract did not show activity of myeloma and Vero cells. Conclusion: Ethanolics extract of three propolis samples from Batang (Central Java), Lawang (East Java) and Sukabumi (West Java) regions in Java were investigated using GC-MS. From 37 compounds identified, 7 among of them were found for the first time in propolis. This indicated that the secondary metabolite extract of propolis from Batang (Central Java) obtained in the study has antiproliferative activity of breast carcinoma cells (T47D and MCF-7).
Characterization of Pullulanase Type II from Bacillus cereus H1.5
Problem statement: Pullulanase is one of the important enzymes in starch industry. Search for the pullulanase with distinct features, possibly from easily grown bacterium, is of interest for industrial applications Approach: The extracellular pullulanase produced by Bacillus cereus HI.5 was purified by chromatographic method of DEAE-Sepharose, followed by Superdex gel filtration. The enzyme was characterized in terms of the optimal pH and temperature for activity as well as substrate specificity. Results: The enzyme showed optimal activity at 55°C and pH 6.0. The thermostability and the thermoactivity of the enzyme were increased considerably in the presence of Ca ²⁺. In the present of 2 mM Ca ²⁺, the enzyme had half-life duration of more than 2 h at 50°C. Almost all metal ions had a strong inhibitory effect, except Ca ²⁺ and Mn ²⁺. The Ca ²⁺ had a very strong stimulating effect on the enzyme, increasing its activity by 170%. The enzyme was activated by 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol, where as N-bromosuccinimide and Schardinger dextrins were inhibitors, suggesting that tryptophan and thiol residues may be important for the activity. The apparent K _m and V _max value for pullulan was 1.1 mg mL ^-1 and 0.275 µmol min ^-1, respectively. A relative substrate specificity for hydrolysis of pullulan, amylopectin and soluble starch by this pullulanase was 100, 28.5 and 20.4%, respectively. Conclusion: The enzyme was able to attack specifically the α-1,6 linkages in pullulan to generate maltotriose as the major end product, as well as the α-1,4 linkages in amylopectin and soluble starch leading to the formation of a mixture of maltose and glucose and therefore be classified as a type II pullulanase or an amylopullulanase.
Effect of Drought Stress and Methanol on Yield and Yield Components of Soybean Max (L 17)
Problem statement: In order to evaluate drought stress and methanol on yield and yield components of soybean in field experiments with factorial experiment inform of a randomized complete block design with three replication in field faculty of agricultural of Islamic Azad University Karaj, at 2008. First factor were sprayed aqueous solutions 0 (control), 7, 14.21, 28 and 35% (v/v) methanol by 3 times during growth season of soybean with 12 days intervals on shoot of soybean. Second factor were drought stress condition in two levels 40 and 70% base of depletion available soil moisture. Approach: This study measured grain yield, biomass HI, 1000 grain weigh, high plants, number of branch, diameter of stem, number of pod on plant, number of hollow pod. Results: Results of the experiment indicated that significant differences exist (p>0.05) between sprayed of solution methanol on parameters. Results also showed that was significant (p>0.05) differences between effect of drought stress levels on measured parameters. Effect of aqueous solution 14, 21 and 28% (v/v) methanol on measured parameters was greater than other treatments. Foliar application of 14 and 21% (v/v) methanol increased leaf area index, crop growth rate, pod growth rate, leaf area duration, pod yield, seed yield, weight of 1000 kernel, mature pods per plants. Conclusion: The lowest grain yield obtained in control and 35% (v/v) methanol treatments. Interaction effects were not significant.
Concomitant Down Regulation of Glycolytic Enzymes, Upregulation of Gluconeogenic Enzymes and Potential Hepato-Nephro-Protective Effects Following the Chronic Administration of the Hypoglycemic, Insulinotropic Citrullus colocynthis Pulp Extract
Background Citrullus colocynthis pulp seedless extract has been demonstrated to have antihyperglycemic and insulinotropic effects. Problem statement: The mechanism(s) underlying the antihyperglycemic and insulinotropic effects have not been investigated to date. Approach: The influence of Citrullus colocynthis pulp extract administered orally was studied in alloxan diabetic white albino rats. Rats were divided into four groups, the first group was normal non diabetic rats given normal saline orally and was named control group, the second group was diabetic rats given normal saline orally and were named normal saline treated-diabetic rats, the third and fourth group were diabetic rats treated with the pulp extract or glybenclamide (a positive control) orally. Plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin were determined in all groups. The effect of pulp extract of this plant on liver and kidney tissues was also studied. The amount of insulin in ß-cells of the Islets of Langerhans in all groups was assessed using immunohistochemistry procedure. Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with Citrullus colocynthis pulp extract (300 mg kg-1 body weight) resulted in a significant decrease in plasma glucose, glygosylated Hb and increased insulin levels. This significant increase in insulin may explain the increase in the activity of liver hexokinase, with concomitant decrease of glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Immunohistochemistry procedure showed that the amount of insulin in ß-cells of the islets of Langerhans is greater in Citrullus colocynthis treated-diabetic rats in comparison to non-treated diabetic rats. Conclusion: The present study clearly demonstrated that the folk medicinal plant Citrullus colocynthis pulp extract possesses a hypoglycemic effect, through an increase in insulin production and the subsequent increase in activity of glycolytic enzyme and decrease in activity of enzymes of gluconeogenesis. The present study also showed that the pulp extract of this plant to may have protective effects on the liver and kidney.
Alteration of Iron Level in Drinking Water by Aeration in Gonbad Kavoos (North East of Iran)
Problem statement: In this study, removal of iron was surveyed in well water in Gonbad Kavoos City. Approach: Samples were taken before and after aeration. Concentration of iron in each sample was measured by spectrophotometer. Results: The results showed that the iron concentration was decreased after aeration (0.55, 0.44, 0.44, 0.46, 0.40 and 0.41 mg L1) when compared with before aeration of water (0.64, 0.68, 0.65, 0.62, 0.65 and 0.67 mg L1), respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that using aeration technology can reduce iron concentration conform to internationally approved guidelines for iron.
Degradative Plasmid and Heavy Metal Resistance Plasmid Naturally Coexist in Phenol and Cyanide Assimilating Bacteria
Problem statement: Heavy metals are known to be powerful inhibitors of xenobiotics biodegradation activities. Alleviation the inhibitory effect of these metals on the phenol biodegradation activities in presence of heavy metals resistant plasmid was investigated. Approach: Combination of genetic systems of degradation of xenobiotic compound and heavy metal resistance was one of the approaches to the creation of polyfunctional strains for bioremediation of soil after co-contamination with organic pollutants and heavy metals. Results: A bacterial strain Pseudomonas putida PhCN (pPhCN1, pPhCN2) had been obtained. This bacterium contained two plasmids, a 120 Kb catabolic plasmid that encode for breakdown of phenol (pPhCN1) and pPhCN2 plasmid (100 Kb) that code for cadmium and copper resistant. Cyanide assimilation by this bacterium was encoded by chromosomal genes. The inhibitory effect of cadmium (Cd2+) or copper (Cu2+) on the degradation of phenol and cyanide by P. putida strains PhCN and PhCN1 (contained pPhCN1) were investigated. The resistant strain PhCN showed high ability to degrade phenol and cyanide in presence of Cd2+ or Cu2+ comparing with the sensitive strain PhCN1. In addition, Cd2+ or Cu2+ was also found to exert a strong inhibitory effect on the C23O dioxygenase enzyme activity in the presence of cyanide as a nitrogen source. Conclusion: The presence of heavy metal resistance plasmid alleviated the inhibitory effect of metals on the phenol and cyanide assimilation by resistant strain.
Characterization of the Adsorption of the Lead (II) by the Nonliving Biomass Spirogyra neglecta (Hasall) Kützing
Problem statement: Conventional techniques for removing dissolved heavy metals are only practical and cost-effective when applied to high strength wastes with heavy metal ion concentrations greater than 100 ppm. The possibility of using a nonliving algal biomass to solve this problem was carried in this study. Lead (II) was used in this study because it had been reported to cause several disorders in human. Approach: The nonliving algal biomass was obtained from a filamentous green alga Spirogyra neglecta. The effects of initial concentration and contact time, pH and temperature on the biosorption of lead (II) by the nonliving algal biomass were studied. The equilibrium isotherms and kinetics were obtained from batch adsorption experiments. The surface characteristics of the nonliving algal biomass were examined using scanning electron microscope and Fourier Transformed Infrared. The maximum adsorption capacity of the nonliving algal biomass was also determined. Results: Maximum adsorption capacity of lead (II) was affected by its initial concentration. Adsorption capacity of lead (II) increased with the pH and temperature of lead (II) solution. Langmuir isothermic model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isothermic model. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The nonliving algal biomass exhibited acaves-like, uneven surface texture along with lot of irregular surface. FTIR analysis of the alga biomass revealed the presence of carboyl, amine and carboxyl group which were responsible for adsorption of lead (II). The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of lead (II) by the nonliving biomass of Spirogyra neglecta was 132 mg g1. Conclusion: The maximum adsorption capacity for lead (II) by the nonliving biomass of Spirogyra neglecta was higher than reported for other biosorbents. Therefore, it had a great potential for removing lead (II) from polluted water. Its use will also need to consider the various factors that affect biosorption process.
Transgenic Indian Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Harboring Rice Chitinase Gene (Chi II) Confers Resistance to Two Fungal Pathogens
Plasmid Mediated Tolerance and Removal of Heavy Metals by Enterobacter sp
Host Plant Mediated Population Variations of Cotton Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Aleyrodidae: Homoptera) Characterized with Random DNA Markers
Cadmium Induced Changes in Metabolic Function of Mitochondrial Isolated from Potato Tissue (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Lack of Association of Glutathione S-transferase Gene Polymorphisms in Iranian Prostate Cancer Subjects
The Effects of Air Pollution and Smoking on Cadmium Concentration in Human Blood and Correlation with Biochemical Parameters
Assessment of Site Specific Mutational Effect on Transcription Initiation at Escherichia coli Promoter
The Effect of Higher Sludge Recycling Rate on Anaerobic Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent in a Semi-Commercial Closed Digester for Renewable Energy
Lectin Histochemistry Assay in Colon Tissues for Inter-species Characterization
Classification of Pressure Range Based on the Characterization of Escherichia coli Cell Disruption in High Pressure Homogenizer
Uptake and Recovery of Lead by Agarose Gel Polymers
Essential Oil of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) from East Part of Kosova
Problem statement: We have analyzed the chemical nature of essential oil of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) from East part of Kosova. Approach: The essential oil from aerial part of Tanacetum parthenium (L.), obtained by hidro-distillation was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Results: Out of 25 peaks, 22 components, which constitute 88%, were identified in oil. The main compounds of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) from east region of Kosova, were camphor (63%) and camphene (9.6%). This study demonstrates the occurrence of camphor/camphene chemotype of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) from east part of Kosova. The present study showed the chemical composition of the hydro-distilled oil of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) from East part of Kosova and the results are compared to those reported in the literature. Conclusion: After comparison of our date with those reported in literature we can conclude that genetic and environmental factors play role in determining the composition of essential oil of Tanacetum parthenium (L.).
Recovery of Lead(II) from Aqueous Solutions by Zea mays Tassel Biosorption
Problem statement: Major adsorbent materials used in heavy metal ion removal from polluted aqueous streams are expensive and difficult to regenerate. In this study, the possibility of using Zea mays tassel, as an alternative low cost biosorbent material to remediate heavy metal pollution was investigated. Lead (II) was used because of its wide application in industrial products and well documented toxicity. Approach: Tassel was obtained from mature Zea mays cultivar R52 hybrid plants. The tassel was milled to a powder and was used to adsorb lead(II) ions from simulated solutions in batch experiments. The desorption of lead(II) was carried out using nitric acid and sodium citrate solutions. The adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, EDX and ESCA before and after application of lead(II) solutions. Results: For samples with concentrations of 100 mg L-1 Pb(II), 94-98% was adsorbed and 57-74 and 57-67% recoveries were achieved with 0.5-5 M nitric acid and 0.01-0.2 M sodium citrate as the stripping solutions, respectively. EDX spectrum of pure tassel indicated that group 1 and 2 metals were the major exchangeable ions present on its surface. ESCA analysis picked up small amounts of lead(II) in the form of Pb(OH)+ and Pb(NH)+ ions on the surface of tassel adsorbent exposed to Pb2+ ions and none on pure tassel sample. Functional groups such as -H, -NH2, -C = O and -COOH which are polar and are legends which are capable of binding heavy metals were identified by FTIR. Conclusion: The potential of Zea mays tassel to adsorb and recover heavy metals from aqueous solution was successfully demonstrated with Pb(II) sample solutions. The results obtained thus far demonstrated the possibility of using tassel powder in the removal as well as recovery of metals from aqueous solutions.
Modulation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 and Some Inflammatory Variables in Hyperinsulinemic Rats Treated with Cinnamon Extract
Cinnamon Extract (CE) has shown to be generally safe when ingested and to have many pharmacological properties. Problem statement: Study the effects of daily intake of CE on the modulation of hepatic, cardiac Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1) and their relations to some inflammatory variables in hyperinsulinemic rats. Approach: The influence of CE administered orally was studied in hyperinsulinemic rats. Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1; control animals received starch as control diet, while Groups 2; rats were fed a “high-fructose diet” (60%). Group 3; fructose-fed rats received orally CE (0.5 mL/rat/day) from the 16th day of fructose feeding in experimental period. The animals were maintained in their respective groups for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, Serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid profile, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Malondialdehyde (MDA), sialic acid and soluble Fas (sFas) were assayed. Hepatic and cardiac IRS-1 levels were also evaluated. Results: Fed high fructose diet to rats induced significant elevations in serum levels of glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol, HDL-c, sialic acid, sFas and MDA, while the level of serum TAC was significantly reduced as compared to controls. Also significant reduction in the levels of hepatic and cardiac IRS-1 were recorded as compared to controls. Oral administration of cinnamon extract to fructose-fed rats alleviated the effects of fructose and these rats showed a normal level of the parameters studied. The percentage changes of IRS-1 level in fructose-fed rats before and after treatment with CE were 38.51 for liver and 31.92% for cardiac muscle. This increase in IRS-1 level after treatment is still lowered than control level with the percentage change -11.82 and -9.93% for liver and cardiac muscle respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between IRS-1 and TAC level whereas there was negative correlation between IRS-1 and MDA, sialic acid and sFas. Conclusion: This study reports interest findings that cinnamon extract enhances glucose uptake by activating insulin receptor kinase activity in rats fed high fructose diet and it has additional roles as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Thus, clinical application of cinnamon could be considered as a potential therapeutic option in humans in the treatment of insulin resistance states. So inclusion of cinnamon in the daily diet could be recommended.
Do Resistin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Relate to Changes in Insulin Resistance in Normal Pregnancy'
Problem statement: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of resistin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in insulin resistance during pregnancy. Approach: Serum resistin and TNF-α concentrations were measured by ELISA in 86 healthy pregnant women (26, 23 and 37 of them in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters, respectively) and in 21 healthy non pregnant women in a cross sectional study. Results: Resistin concentration was significantly higher in the third trimester (9.5±3.3 ng mL ^-1) as compared with non pregnant women (7±3.3 ng mL ^-1). Serum TNF-α level were also significantly increase in pregnant women (2.6±1.9 pg mL ^-1) as compared with maternal healthy controls (0.8±0.7 pg mL ^-1). There were significant correlation between gestational age and BMI (r = 0.28, p = 0.01), resistin (r = 0.36, p = 0.002) and TNF-α (r = -0.44, p <0.0001). There was not significant correlation between gestational age and Insulin Resistance (IR). We also did not found correlation between IR and resistin as well as between IR and TNF-α in pregnant women. Conclusion: TNF-α and resistin do not appear to contribute greatly to pregnancy induced insulin resistance in healthy pregnancy.
Antilithiatic Influence of Spirulina on Ethylene Glycol-Induced Nephrolithiasis in Male Rats
Problem statement: Nephrolithiasis or renal stone disease remains a significant health problem in the adult population. Nephrolithiasis is a recurrent disorder prominent in males. It is significant medical and surgical problem because of incidence, recurrence and severe consequences. The present day medical management of nephrolithiasis is either costly or not without side effects. Invasive procedures for the treatment of nephrolithiasis may cause serious complications and they also impose a great load of costs to the healthcare system. Hence the search for antilithiatic drugs from natural sources has assumed greater importance. Approach: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antilithiatic activity of spirulina supplementation on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasis in male rats. Healthy male Wistar rats were used in the present study and were divided randomly into 4 groups. Rats of 1st group were served as normal control. Rats of 2nd group were received 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for three weeks and drinking tap water for the next three weeks. Rats of 3rd group were received 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for three weeks and fed with spirulina solution (20 mg kg-1 body weight) for the next three weeks. Animals of 4th group were treated as 1st group for the first three weeks and fed with spirulina solution ate the same dose given to 3rd group for the last three weeks. After six weeks, serum levels of sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, creatinine, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. Results: Statistically increases in the levels of sodium, chloride, BUN and ALT and a decrease in the level of calcium were noted in rats treated with ethylene glycol. Supplementation of spirulina for the last three weeks mostly recovered the rats from nephrolithiasis and completely from hepatotoxicity induced by ethylene glycol. Conclusion: This study suggested that spirulina is a safety and promising agent as a functional food for the management of nephrolithiasis induced by ethylene glycol and may be also by other chemical factors.
Secondary Metabolites in Essential Oil of Achillea millefolium (L.) Growing Wild in East Part of Kosova
Problem statement: Chemical composition of essential oil of Achillea millefolium (L.), originated from east part of Kosova, was investigated. Approach: The chemical profile of the essential oil was evaluated by GC and GC-MS. Results: Analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 33 peaks, representing 81.4% of the oil. The main compounds of Achillea millefolium (L.) from east region of Kosova, were 1,8-cineole (22%), camphor (21%), borneol (7,6%) and β-pinene (5.3%). Conclusion: After comparison of our date with those reported in literature we can conclude that various chemotypes of Achillea millefolium (L.) occur in nature.
Camel’s Milk Protects against Aluminum Chloride-Induced Toxicity in the Liver and Kidney of White Albino Rats
Problem statement: Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is commonly used in daily life but it can be potentially toxic. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the protective effects of camel’s milk against aluminum-induced biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of white albino rats. Approach: White albino male rats (230-250 g) were divided into three groups of 10 rats: a control group treated with normal saline, the AlCl3-treated group and the camel’s milk-AlCl3-treated group. The AlCl3 treated group received 0.5 mg kg-1 of AlCl3 orally. The camel’s milk-AlCl3-treated group was fed 1 mL of fresh camel’s milk 10 minutes prior to the administration of oral AlCl3. All rats were treated every day for 30 days. Liver and kidney biochemical serum parameters were analyzed. Lipid peroxidation, as determined by the tissue concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (HP), and the oxidative stress status, as measured by glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, were evaluated in the kidney and liver of treated rats. Results: Data showed that the oral administration of AlCl3 resulted in statistically significant increases in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cholesterol and triglycerides; the total amount of protein and albumin were also significantly decreased. However, these parameters were within normal levels in the rats given camel’s milk prior to AlCl3. Additionally, oral administration of AlCl3 induced lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidney, which was indicated by a significant increase in lipid peroxidation biomarkers (TBARS and HP) and a significant decrease in the activities of GSH, SOD and CAT. In all rats treated with camel’s milk before being given AlCl3, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress parameters were within normal levels. Conclusion: Treatment with camel’s milk prior to AlCl3 exposure alleviates AlCl3-associated hazards and protects the kidney and liver from AlCl3 toxicity.
Kinetics of Xylanase Fermentation by Recombinant Escherichia coli DH5α in Shake Flask Culture
Problem statement: Interest in xylanase enzyme application has markedly increased in pulp and paper processing industries. The switch to xylanase-producing recombinant Escherichia coli DH5α pTP510 is seen here as an economic alternative towards higher productivity and easier downstream purification. Modeling of E. coli DH5α growth and enzyme secretion is thus desired for future optimization in fermentation process. Approach: Kinetics of intracellular xylanase fermentation by a recombinant E. coli DH5α was studied in shake flask culture. The effect of different medium formulations (complex, minimal and defined), initial pH (6.5, 7.0, 7.4 and 8.0) and agitation speeds (150, 200 and 250 rpm) on cell growth and xylanase production were evaluated. Mathematical models based on Logistic and Luedeking-Piret equations had been proposed to describe the microbial growth and xylanase production. Results: Highest xylanase production was obtained in defined medium. Based on medium formulation, the highest cell concentration (4.59 g L ^-1) and xylanase production (2, 122.5 U mL ^-1) was obtained when (NH ₄)2HPO ₄ was used as the main nitrogen source, with an adjustment of the initial pH to 7.4 and agitation speed of 200 rpm. The maximum specific growth rate (µ _max), growth associated xylanase production coefficient (α) and non-growth associated xylanase production coefficient (β) was 0.41 h ^-1, 474.26 U mg cell ^-1 and 0 U mg cell ^-1 h ^-1, respectively. Conclusion: Xylanase production was growth associated process and the enzyme secretion was greatly dependent on cell concentration and the specific growth rate of E. coli DH5α.
In vivo, Acute, Normo-hypoglycemic, Antihyperglycemic, Insulinotropic Actions of Orally Administered Ethanol Extract of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrab Pulp
Problem statement: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrab (cucurbitaceae family) (Handal) is a fruit commonly known as bitter apple or bitter cucumber. Traditionally, Citrullus colocynthis has been used for the treatment of diabetes. In particular, the acute effect and rout of administration of ethanol extract of the seedless pulp in vivo remains untested. We investigated the effect of different routs of administration and their hypoglycemic and insulinotropic effects of ethanol/water (20/80 V/V) extract of the dried seedless pulp of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrab on normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Approach: Rats were divided into two groups, normal and diabetic rats. Non-diabetic rats were fasted for 18 h before the beginning of the experimental procedure. About 250 μL of normal saline (i.e., vehicle) was administered to control groups either i.p. (Group I) or orally (Group III) using modified feeding canula. As 250 μL pulp extract was administered i.p. (Group II) or orally (Group IV). Five min, after the administration of the extract or vehicle, an Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (IPGTT) was conducted (1.5 g glucose/kg) on groups I, II, III and IV, but not Groups V or VI. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were fasted for 6 h before the beginning of the experimental procedure. They were divided into control (Group V) and treated groups (Group VI), each of 6 rats. As 250 μL of the extract (equivalent to 300 mg kg ^-1) was administered orally to alloxan treated-group, while 250 μL of the vehicle was administrated orally to the animals of control group. Serum samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h following the treatment and were used for glucose and insulin determination. Results: Oral, but not intraperitonial (i.p.) administration of ethanol extract (300 mg kg ^-1) resulted in acute, significant (p>0.05) and time-dependent changes in rat serum glucose and insulin levels in both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In extract-treated alloxan-free rats, a maximum of 32.9% reduction in serum glucose levels was observed following Intraperitonial Glucose Tolerance Test (IPGTT) using glucose-oxidase assay. A maximum reciprocal increase of 59.5% in serum insulin levels following IPGTT was determined by ELISA. Further, in alloxan/ethanol extract-treated group, a maximum of 31% reduction in serum glucose levels as well as 370.2% increase in serum insulin levels following IPGTT were observed. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that oral administration of the ethanol extract of the dried seedless pulp of Citrullus colocynthis had normo-hypoglycemic (i.e., in normal rats), antihyperglycemic as well as insulinotropic actions in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
Camel’s Milk Protects Against Aluminum Chloride-Induced Normocytic Normocromic Anemia, Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Stress in Erythrocytes of White Albino Rats
Problem statement: Aluminum (Al) is an indifferent element from a toxicological point of view. In recent years, however, Al has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several clinical disorders. One of the most frequently described problem in aluminum toxicity is anemia. The present study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of Camel’s milk in alleviating the toxicity of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) on certain hematological parameters, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress enzyme in the RBC’s of white albino rats. Approach: Ten rats per group were divided into three treatment groups: Group one were rats given normal saline and served as control group, group two were rats treated with 1 ml of AlCl3 (0.5 mg kg-1 body weight) and named AlCl3 treated rats, group 3 were rat treated with 1ml fresh camel’s milk 10 min before the administration of AlCl3 (0.5 mg kg-1 body weight) and named Camel’s milk and AlCl3 treated rats. Rats were orally administered their respective doses every day for 30 days. Evaluations were made for hematological parameters in the blood and for lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress enzymes activities in the RBC’s. Results: Results obtained showed that oral AlCl3 treatment caused a significant decrease (p<0.05) in total erythrocytes count, blood Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrite (PCV) and Serum iron levels, where as the values of Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Hemoglobin Concentration (MHC), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) and Total Ion Binding Capacity (TIBC) didn’t change. Also oral administration of AlCl3 induced free radicals and as a result caused an increase the concentration of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and decreased activities of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalsae (CAT) in the RBCs homolysate. The oral administration of Camel’s milk before the administration of AlCl3, alleviated it’s toxic effect. Camel’s milk administration resulted in a significant increase (p<0.05) in the in total erythrocytes count, blood hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrite (PCV) and Serum iron with No change in the values of MCV, MHC, MCHC and TIBC when compared to AlCl3 treated rats. Camel’s milk reduced free radicals production and oxidative stress status in the RBC’s noticed by the significant decreased levels of TBARS and increased activities of SOD and CAT when compared to AlCl3 treated rats. Conclusion: our data proved that there is an alternation in the hematological parameters and antioxidant system in the red blood cells of rats administered aluminum chloride orally, whereas oral administration of Camel’s milk prior the administration of Aluminum chloride protects the red blood cell form toxic effect of aluminum.
Potentials and challenges of Participation in Agricultural Biotechnology R and D: A Case for National Agricultural Research Capacity Building
Problem statement: Scientists in National Agricultural Research Institutes and University faculties of agriculture and veterinary medicine were surveyed to explore their participation in agricultural biotechnology research in Nigeria. Multistage sampling was used. Approach: Two Federal universities and two state universities were randomly selected from a list of Federal and State universities. In addition to these, one university each was selected from the four universities of Technology and three Federal universities of Agriculture. Results: Forty three scientists were purposively selected based on participation in agricultural biotechnology research. Nine research institutes were purposively selected based on their mandates. A total of 105 scientists were selected from the research institutes, based on their participation in agricultural biotechnology research. The total number of respondents from the selected amounted to 148. A structured questionnaire was used. Majority of the respondents fell within the medium participation category (63.5%). There is a significant relationship between availability of training/self development opportunities (r = 0.278, p<0.05) and career advancement opportunities (r = 0.348, p<0.05) and participation in agricultural biotechnology research. Inadequacy of electricity supply was significantly related to participation. Regression analysis show that human resources capacities available to scientists had positive relationship with participation in agricultural biotechnology research and development but only career advancement opportunities (r = 0.003, p<0.05) and royalties on findings (r = 0.151, p<0.05) were significant. Conclusion/Recommendations: There is need for strengthening both human resources and infrastructural capacity to increase participation in agricultural biotechnology research in Nigeria.
Genomic Distance between Thymidylate Synthase and Dihydrofolate Reductase Genes Does Not Correlate With Phylogenetic Evolution in Bacteria
Problem statement: Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR) and Thymidylate Synthase (TS) exist as bifunctional enzymes coded into unique polypeptide chain in protozoans. Bifunctional DHFR-TS is associated with an increase in the enzymatic activity by channeling the substrate between the active sites. In some bacteria, DHFR and TS genes are neighbors in the genome, whereas in others, they are located millions of base pairs apart. Gene neighboring gained importance in evolution because it was found to promote the interaction between expressed proteins in gene clusters. Co-expression of neighboring genes might favor protein associations, increasing the enzymatic efficiency. The basis of genomic evolution that leads to gene ordering is not totally understood; however, one could suppose that increasing the efficiency of metabolic pathways could work as an evolutionary pressure to get genes together in the genome of an organism. Approach: In this study, phylogenetic analysis of DHFR and TS sequences and the genomic distance between these genes in bacteria were measured. Results: No significant correlation was found between genomic distances, in base pairs, of DHFR and TS genes and phylogenetic distance among the studied bacteria. Conclusion/Recommendations: This suggested that DHFR and TS enzymes clusters, even if they are coexpressed, might not exert a pivotal role in natural selection of bacteria.
The Inhibition of Human Pathogens: Trichophyton rubrum and Trichoderma harzianum by a Natural Product
Problem statement: A number of studies have recently conducted to identify novel and potent antifungal components from natural products. One of the reasons is to overcome the antifungal resistant developed against most of commercially available drugs. Studies confirmed that mung beans have increased phenolic compounds and enhanced defenses during germination. Approach: We hypothesized that antifungal activities might be found in sprouts of mung beans, or Vigna radiate (L.) R. Wilczek. The screening method was conducted using disc diffusion assay against 12 fungi. It was followed by the evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum fungicidal concentration. Results: The screening results revealed a potential antifungal activity by mung bean sprout extract against 2 out of 12 fungi including remarkable antifungal activity against human fungal pathogens, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichoderma harzianum. The potential antifungal activity of mung bean sprout reflects effective quality/quantity of polyphenolic compounds present after bean germination. Conclusion/Recommendations: This unprecedented study showed that mung bean sprout extract is a potential source for novel antifungal compound (s) that is inexpensive and readily available at a large scale for pharmaceutical companies.
Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Transesterification: Review
Problem Statement: The research on the production of biodiesel has increased significantly in recent years because of the need for an alternative fuel which endows with biodegradability, low toxicity and renewability. Plant oils, animal fats, microalgal oils and waste products such as animal rendering, fish processing waste and cooking oils have been employed as feedstocks for biodiesel production. In order to design an economically and environmentally sustainable biodiesel production process, a proper understanding of the factors affecting the process and their relative importance is necessary. Approach: A comprehensive review of the literature on the subject of biodiesel production was carried out. Traditionally biodiesel has been produced using either acid or base catalysts. The multi-step purification of end products, wastewater treatment and energy demand of the conventional process has lead to search for alternative option for production of biodiesel. The use the enzyme lipase as a biocatalyst for the transesterification reaction step in biodiesel production has been extensively investigated. Lipase is produced by all living organisms and can be used intracellularly or extracellularly. Conclusion: To date, the most popular microbes used for their lipases have been filamentous fungi and recombinant bacteria. A summary of lipases used in transesterification and their optimum operating conditions is provided. In addition to the choice of lipase employed, factors which make the transesterification process feasible and ready for commercialization are: enzyme modification, the selection of feedstock and alcohol, use of common solvents, pretreatment of the lipase, alcohol to oil molar ratio, water activity/content and reaction temperature. Optimization of these parameters is necessary in order to reduce the cost of biodiesel production. Use of no/low cost waste materials as feedstocks will have double environmental benefits by reducing the environmental pollution potential of the wastes and producing an environmentally friendly fuel.
Effect of Exercise Training on Adiponectin Receptor Expression and Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet
Problem statement: Adiponectin is an adipocyte secreted hormones, exerts its effects via the specific receptors. AdipoR1 and adipoR2 and plays a pivotal role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Approach: We investigated the effect of increased physical activities on insulin resistance and if this effect is modulated through adiponectin receptor expression. Results: We also assessed the effect of High Fat Diet (HFD) on adipoRs expression. Mice were subjected to 16 weeks of HFD protocol then to 4, 6 and 8 weeks of exercise training. Following the experimental protocol the fasting plasma glucose, insulin and index of Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin Resistance (HOMA-R) were evaluated. The mRNA expression of adiponectin receptors genes were also analyzed using reverse transcription RT-PCR. The consumption of high fat diet by the mice for 16 weeks resulted in a significant increase in weight associated with insulin resistance and associated with significant decrease in adiponectin receptors R1 and R2 expression in both liver and skeletal muscle. Exercise training for 4 weeks resulted in a significant improvement in the insulin resistance state, significant increase in expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in both liver and skeletal muscles. On increasing duration of exercise training for 6 weeks and 8 weeks there was significant improvement in insulin resistance and significant increase in the expression of AdipoR1 in liver, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in muscle, whereas liver AdipoR2 expression was significantly decreased. Conclusion/Recommendations: we conclude that the exercise training improves insulin sensitivity and up-regulates mRNA expression of AdipoR1 in both skeletal muscle and liver in mice and AdiopR2 in muscle and this suggests that the insulin sensitizing effect of exercise training may be mediated even partially through increased adiponectin receptor expression and up regulation of adiponectin receptors reaches certain level and increasing the duration of exercise adds no more improvement to insulin sensitivity or adiponectin receptor expression.
Apoptosis of human Breast Cancer Cells induced by Ethylacetate Extracts of Propolis
Problem statement: Propolis has been ethno medically claimed to possess a wide array of biological activities including anticancer activity. The purpose of this research was to verify the folklore claim. Approach: This study was performed in a human breast carcinoma cell, MCF-7. Extract of propolis from different solvent, ethylacetate and n-buthanol showed induced apoptotic cells was detected by flow cytometry. Results: The results demonstrated that ethylacetate extract of propolis can induce apoptosis in MCF-7 as large as 13.21% during the 24 h incubation. On the other hand, doxorubicin is able to induce apoptosis as large as 18.89% during the 24 h incubation. Conclusion: The extracts of propolis ethylacetate had cytotoxic activity and triggers apoptosis on MCF-7 cells.
A Proteomics Analysis of Drought Stress-Responsive Proteins as Biomarker for Drought-Tolerant Sugarcane Cultivars
Problem statement: The prime objective in breeding selection process of drought-tolerant sugarcane is to identify the correlating marker, which could lead to rapid screening for drought-tolerant cultivars. In this study, we have reported an unknown 18-kDa protein (p18) along with other stress-inducible proteins to be highly expressed in sugarcane leaves under drought stress condition. Approach: The 2D-PAGE patterns of proteins were compared between those expressed in drought-tolerance K86-161 and drought-susceptible Khon Kaen 1 cultivars. The interested proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. The correlation between p18 expression and drought tolerance was verified in additional 4 sugarcane cultivars using ELISA and western blotting. Two physiological indexes, Chlorophyll content and SOD activity were also evaluated. Results: Mass spectrometry and comparison with known sequences in the database reveal that the proteins expressed only in stressed K86-161 are serine protease inhibitor and the one similar to replication protein A1. A group of proteins up-regulated in K86-161 are S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme (SAM), ubiquitin and p18. From ELISA and western blotting analysis, we found that p18 expressed in drought-tolerant sugarcane cultivars had higher binding specificity to antibody than that in drought-susceptible sugarcane cultivars. Two physiological indexes showed higher levels in drought-tolerant than those in drought susceptible sugarcanes. Conclusion: These high levels of chlorophyll and SOD are in agreement with a high level of p18 expression in drought-tolerant sugarcanes. It is likely that an accumulation of p18 is a response to water deficit. In conclusion, p18 might be a good candidate for development as a marker in drought-tolerant plants.
Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Fibrinolytic Activity
Problem statement: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the world’s largest systemic and metabolic disease. Endothelin (ET) was first described as a peptidergic endothelium-derived constricting factor. Endothelin-1 is one of the endothelial factors that is overexpressed in cases of endothelial dysfunction. The fibrinolytic system is present in plasma with the degradation of fibrin polymers in blood clots. It is a proteolytic mechanism that results in the formation of one main enzyme, plasmin, which cleaves fibrin. Approach: A total of 20 normal white albino rats weighing between 180-200 g were used and divided into two groups each of 10 rats, one group served as a control which fed on normal chow diet, while the second group fed on high fat diet for one month, then received streptozocin (25 mg kg-1) intraperitoneally as a single dose and continued feeding on high fat diet. Plasma was separated to determine the levels of tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs) and Euglobulin Clot Lysis Time (ECLT). Results: Data showed that diabetic rats have inhibited fibrinolytic activity as detected from the significant increase in PAI-1, significant decrease in both t-PA and TDPs with significant prolongation of the ECLT relative to the control group. Conclusion: Endothelial dysfunction is associated with a prothrombotic state.
Tailor-Made Enzyme Carriers: Preparation and Use of Adsorbents Specifically Designed to Immobilize Allosteric Enzymes in Activated Conformation
Problem statement: The enzyme immobilization has experienced substantial growth in the recent past and an ever increasing amount of study has been reported on various aspects of immobilized enzymes. In most of these investigations, catalytic activities are found to be diminished as compared to the enzyme free in solution. Approach: Hydrophobic adsorbents were prepared containing L-leucine or citric acid, two positive allosteric effectors, for bovine liver Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.3) and heart mitochondrial Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37 ), respectively. Results: Immobilized preparations of these well-defined allosteric enzymes indicated improved catalytic activities as compared with those involving use of the adsorbents without these activators. Conclusion/Recommendations: It is concluded that the regulatory proteins are Furthermore; they retain their natural capacity for undergoing the conformational transitions needed for enhanced catalytic activities. Adsorptive immobilization of these two allosteric proteins in activated conformation may serve as useful models in relation to design strategies for preparation of tailor-made enzyme carriers.
Total Level of Serum Homocysteine in Males and Females with Coronary Heart Disease of Different Age Groups
Problem statement: Elevated plasma total homocysteine concentration is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Total homocysteine level is a strong predictor of mortality in-patient with an angiographically confirmed Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), so we want to know at what age in males and females elevated homocysteine will be significantly elevated and this will help for better management and prognosis by decreasing the level of homocysteine. Approach: Plasma level of homocysteine was determined in male and female patients below and above 50 years old, who have coronary heart disease with diabetes or without diabetes. Fifty two coronary heart diseases with type 2 diabetic patients and a matched number of healthy subjects as a control and another 52 coronary heart disease patients without diabetes were included in this study. Plasma homocysteine was determined by Enzymatic Immuno Sorbant Assay (ELISA). Results: Plasma homocysteine level in coronary heart disease diabetic male and female patients who are <50 years old was 10.3±2.5 and 12.66±5.4 umol L-1, respectively, while it is 28.12±9.5 and 29.44±4.3 umol L-1 in male and female patients >50 years old, respectively. Plasma homocysteine level in coronary heart disease nondiabetic male and female patients who are <50 years old was 12.72±8.5 and 13.60±6 umol L-1, respectively, while it is 26.9±11.1 and 27.56±6.8 umol L-1 in male and female patients >50 years old, respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded that plasma level of homocysteine is significantly elevated in diabetic coronary heart disease female patients above 50 years old and significantly elevated in nondiabetic coronary heart disease males and female patients, thus nondiabetic coronary heart disease male and female patients and diabetic coronary female patients are at high risk of vascular diseases. It is recommended that these patients may take supplementation of folate and vitamin B12 to reduce the level of homocysteine.
The Development of a Revised Canadian Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Case Definition
Problem statement: Several investigators have indicated that case definitions for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) are characterized by vaguely worded criteria that lack operational definitions and guidelines. The most widely used CFS case definition is the Fukuda et al. criteria, which uses polythetic criteria (i.e., patients are only required to have four out of a possible eight symptoms). Yet two of these eight symptoms (post-exertional malaise and memory/concentration problems) are an essential feature of this illness and the Fukuda et al. criteria do not require that these symptoms be present among all patients. Significant methodological problems could occur if investigators in different settings recruit samples with different percentages of these core symptoms. In contrast, the Canadian clinical case definition does require specific ME/CFS symptoms such as post-exertional malaise and memory/concentration problems. The provision of operationally explicit, objective criteria on specific key symptoms might reduce criterion variance as a source of unreliability. In addition, the use of structured interview schedules will ensure that symptoms are assessed in a consistent way across settings. Conclusion/Recommendations: In this article, we specified explicit rules for determining whether critical symptoms meet ME/CFS criteria using a revised Canadian case definition and a questionnaire has been developed to assess core symptoms. It is hoped that these developments will lead to increased reliability of this revised Canadian case definition as well as more frequent use of these criteria by investigators.
Expression of Adiponectin Receptors in Human Placenta and Its Possible Implication in Gestational Diabetes
Problem statement: Similar to obese patients and type 2 diabetic patients, adiponectin levels are reduced in former Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) patients and are lower in GDM women during late pregnancy compared with pregnant control subjects matched for BMI. Diabetic insult at later stages in gestation, such as may occur in gestational diabetes, will foremost lead to short-term changes in a variety of molecules for key functions including gene expression in the placenta. Approach: In this study we assessed the expression of adiponectin receptors in human placenta to identify the site (s) of expression and to clarify the effect of gestational diabetes in this expression. This study was carried on 10 normoglycemic pregnant women and 20 GDM women. The placental tissue was collected immediately after delivery and tissue biopsies were taken from both fetal and maternal sides of each placenta. One step-RT-PCR for ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 was done by Real Time PCR using Syber Green technique. Relative quantification of mRNA of the ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 genes was measured using ABI7900 Real Time machine. Results: Both types of Adiponectin Receptors (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) are expressed in human placenta. ADIPOR1 is more highly expressed than ADIPOR2 in both fetal and maternal sides of GDM cases and normal pregnant women. ADIPOR1 mRNA expression was significantly up regulated in GDM women compared to normal pregnant women, whereas no significant difference in the expression of ADIPOR2 was detected between the two groups. There was no evidence of maternal-fetal side difference in the expression of adiponectin receptors in GDM cases but in normal pregnant women there is a statistically significant difference between both sides in the expression of both ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2. Conclusion: We concluded that adiponectin plays an important role in mediation the glucose metabolism in fetal tissues through its receptors, mainly Adiponectin Receptor 1 (ADIPOR1).
Effect of Camel’s Milk on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Swiss Albino Mice
Problem statement: Nephrotoxicity is a major complication and a dose limiting factor for cisplatin therapy. Cisplatin mediated nephrotoxicity is remarkably documented by reactive oxygen species. Camel’s milk has good nutritive value, antigenotoxic and anticytotoxic effects. The aim of the present study was to assess the protective effect of camel’s milk against Cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress in mice. Approach: Forty mal Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10). Group I, control group. Group II was received cisplatin (12 mg kg-1) for 5 alternate days. Group III was received camel’s milk (33 mL kg-1) for consecutive 30 days. Group IV was received camel’s milk (33 mL kg-1) for consecutive 30 days before administration of Cisplatin. Results: Cisplatin-induced oxidative stress was indicated by increased level of tissue Malondialdehyde (MDA), serum creatinine and urea, decreased the concentration of reduced Glutathione (GSH), Vitamin C (Vit. C) and Vitamin E (Vit. E) and decreased both activities and gene expression of Superoxid Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Raductase (GR) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx). Camel’s milk reduced these biochemical changes and counteracted the deleterious effects of cisplatin Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the renoprotective potential of camel’s milk against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in mice. Hence, camel’s milk has a potential to be used as therapeutic adjuvant in cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
Expression, Purification and Activity Assay of the Recombinant Protein of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase from Chinese White Shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis)
Problem statement: We have previously cloned a gene of Chinese white shrimp Catechol O-Methyltransferase (designated Fc-COMT) and characterized the gene expression pattern. In this study, expression and purification as well as activity assay of the recombinant Fc-COMT was further conducted. Approach: Using pET-30a (+) as a prokaryotic expression vector, the recombinant Fc-COMT was expressed in the supernatant of Escherichia coli lysate and easily purified by His-Bind resin chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the molecular mass of recombinant Fc-COMT was approximately 30,000 Da, in good agreement with the software-predicted molecular weight. The enzymatic activity of recombinant Fc-COMT was tested using Dihydroxybenzoic Acid (DHBAc) as a substrate. Results: The methyl products of DHBAc, Vanillic Acid (VA) and Isovanillic Acid (IVA), were detected in the enzymatic reaction mixture with recombinant Fc-COMT by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Conclusion: The recombinant Fc-COMT has catalytic activity of transferring methyl group from S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAM) to the 3’ hydroxyl or 4’ hydroxyl group of benzyl ring of DHBAc.
The Effect of Citrullus colocynthis Pulp Extract on the Liver of Diabetic Rats a Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Problem statement: The goal of the current investigation was to clarify the effects of Citrullus colocynthis pulp extract on the structure of the liver of diabetic rats at both light and scanning electron microscopic levels. Approach: Forty-eight adult male albino rats were equally allocated into four groups: Group1: control, Group 2: Citrullus colocynthis-treated, Group 3: diabetic rats and Group4: diabetic rats treated with Citrullus colocynthis. All treatments were administered via an intragastric tube. Diabetes was induced in the rats of groups 3 and 4 by an intraperitoneal injection with alloxan. Results: The liver of Citrullus colocynthis-treated rats revealed minor histological changes versus the control animals. In group 3 animals, diabetes caused degenerative alterations in the form of disorganization of the hepatic cords, cytoplasmic vacuolization and pyknosis of the nuclei of hepatocytes and inflammatory cell infiltration. Scanning electron microscope examination of these livers revealed numerous lipid droplets within hepatocytes, damaged blood sinusoids and hemorrhage of erythrocytes between hepatocytes and inside Disse’s spaces. On the other hand, the normal histological and scanning ultrastructural features were nearly resumed in the liver of diabetic rats treated with Citrullus colocynthis pulp extract. Conclusion: The present study proved a lessening effect of Citrullus colocynthis pulp extract on the liver of diabetic rats. In light of these advantageous influences, it is advisable to widen the scale of its use in a trial to alleviate the diabetic hepatic adverse effects.
Detection and Localization of Anti and Pro-apoptotic mRNA Genes in Human Colorectal Cancer Using in situ RT-PCR
Problem statement: Recent studies using conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction have shown that anti-apoptotic (Cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2 and Nuclear Factor-êB, NF-êB) and pro-apoptotic mRNA (Bax and Bad) are involved in the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to localize the expression of anti and pro-apoptotic mRNA genes using Reverse Transcription in situ Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT in situ PCR) and immunodetection technique in the early stage of human colorectal adenocarcinoma. Approach: Reverse Transcription in situ Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT in situ PCR) and immunodetection technique was applied throughout of this studies. 20 paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of human colorectal adenocarcinoma samples was used compared to controls. Results: Morphologically, the glands and crypts were well-differentiated, enlarged and irregular with active secretion of mucin. COX-2, NF-êB, Bax and Bad mRNA were expressed in both normal and human colorectal cancer tissues. All mRNA genes were expressed in the cytoplasm and nuclei. However, COX-2 and NF-êB mRNA genes were highly expressed with higher intensity of brown staining compared to Bax and Bad at tubular epithelium cells. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that by using RT in situ PCR, COX-2 and NF-êB mRNA genes were shown to be involved in the development of human colorectal cancer.
Molecular Evidence for the Association of a Strain of Uganda Variant of East African Cassava Mosaic Virus to Symptom Severity in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Fields in Togo
Problem statement: This study was carried out to demonstrate that the severity of Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) in Togo, is not only influenced by synergism between cassava Begomoviruses in presence, but essentially by recombination between the different Begomoviruses infecting cassava. Approach: Foliar samples presenting typical biological features of Begomoviruses infection were collected from cassava and wild infected plants from different regions of Togo and analysed by PCR targeting the Coat Protein (CP). The PCR products obtained from different isolates of two major Begomoviruses species infecting cassava in Togo were the sequenced and compared with the sequenced of the African cassava mosaic Begomoviruses identified to date and available in NCBI GenBank database by phylogenetic analysis. Results: The results indicate that not only the two major Begomoviruses could be in synergistic interaction in infected cassava in Togo as it has been shown between African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) and East African Cassava Mosaic Virus (EACMV) elsewhere, but could also create recombinants which would be highly interfering in the development of symptom severity in the country. Conclusion/Recommendations: The study confirmed the assumption that the symptom severity in cassava fields in Togo is rather caused by recombination between different Begomoviruses in presence than by synergistic interaction. More investigations should be done to give insight to this founding.
A New Polyoxypregnane Glycoside from the Roots of Dregea volubilis (L.f) Benth. ex Hook. f and its Chondroprotective Effect
Problem statement: Dregea genus (Asclepiadaceae) is well known for the rich of steroid pregnane contents and these plants are famous for the potential to be applied as alternative biological activities. Dregea volubilis is the only species of Dregea genus in Thailand. The chemical and biological investigations of this plant are interesting to bioassay-guided fractionation, particularly chondroprotective effect. Approach: The research was carried out to extract, isolate, purify and elucidate structure of the active compound from the roots Dregea volubilis . Both of the solvent extracts and isolated compound were evaluated with kinds of chondroprotection. i.e., S-GAG), HA, UA and production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Results: Polyoxypregnane glycoside (PGG) or 12-0-benzoyl-8, 11-ditigloyl-3ß, 8ß, 11ß, 12ß, 14ß-pentahydroxy-pregn-14-ol, 20-one,-3-0-methyl-ß-D-allopyranosyl (1→4)-ß-D-thevetopyranoside was isolated from the active ethyl acetate extract of the roots Dregea volubilis . The spectroscopic techniques were provided for success in structure determination. In addition, a new compound was the most powerful to biological activities. Chondroprotective effect of PPG on the degradation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (S-GAG), hyaluronan (HA), uronic acid (UA) and production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)-stimulated porcine articular cartilage were also assessed. PGG was interestingly effective in reducing IL-1ß induced S-GAG, HA release from cartilage explant and MMP-2 activity. Furthermore, PPG can reverse effect of IL-1ß-reduced the levels of uronic acid remaining in cartilage tissue. Conclusion: The PGG was possessed a potent chondroprotective activity using the IL-1ß stimulated cartilage explant model. Therefore, it is possible to use this compound as a new pharmacological agent for the management of degenerative joint diseases.
The Black Cutworm as a Potential Human Food
Problem statement: The black cutworms (Agrotis ipsilon) were grown in an artificial medium to evaluate their potential as a human food. Approach: The culture was started from moths and the life cycle and culture structure were evaluated. There was an initial adjustment period of 3 days during which the growth of the larvae was very slow. The size of the larvae increased reaching maximum weight and length after 23 days and then declined as the larvae entered the pupation stage. For an efficient production system, the larvae should be harvested after 21 days. The moisture content of the medium may present an important management problem for commercial production. Results: A system in which the eggs are separated from the adults and hatched in separate cages would alleviate the danger of losing the new larvae due to fungal disease. The high moisture content of the larvae (60%) could also cause handling and storage problems. Drying and grinding the larvae would reduce them to easily manageable forms and would improve their marketability as novel food. The moisture, ash, carbohydrate, protein and fat contents were, 13.4, 12.1, 7.5, 53.1 and 13.9% (dry basis), respectively. The larval time index (time to produced one gram) was 3.20 d g-1 weight. Considering the fact that a female moth produces 1200 eggs, the population time index is 3.90 min g-1 weight. Because the larvae seem to be a promising source of protein for human consumption, further research is required to evaluate their growth characteristics on low substrates. Conclusion: The research should also evaluate the quality of larval protein (amino acid profile) and other nutritional values such as vitamins and minerals. The effects of environmental parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity and CO2 and heat production on food consumption and protein yield, should also be investigated. This information will aid in the design of an optimal production system of insect protein.
Screening of Actinomycete Isolates from Niche Habitats in Manipur for Antibiotic Activity
Problem statement: The exhaustion of the usual terrestrial sources and the rise of resistant pathogens dictate the search for novel actinomycetes and new antibiotics. In this context, niche habitats such as caves, pristine forests, lakes, rivers, and other wetlands, high salt environments, marine ecosystems and endophytic niches are promising targets for survey of bioactive actinomycetes. Approach: Actinomycetes were isolated from several niche habitats in Manipur, India, on selective media such as SCNA and Chitin agar with or without antibiotics. Selected isolates were subjected to antimicrobial activity screening by Kirby-Bauer method. Results: 172 lake sediment (SCNA, LS1 series), 35 lake sediment (CA, LSCH series), 120 river (NRP, NRB and..series), 39 forest (AML series), 35 cave (KC1 series), 101 salt spring (NH, N3S and .. series), 46 Shirui jungle (SJ series) and 66 Shirui hill (SH series) actinomycetes isolates were obtained. Of 99 randomly selected isolates screened, 37 had antimicrobial activities against 1 or more indicator strains: 32 against Gram positive bacteria and 8 against Gram negative bacteria; 10 actinomycete strains were antimycotic and 3 had broad-spectrum antibiotic activities. About 18 potent antibacterial, 1 anti pseudomonas, 1 exclusively antifungal and 3 broad-spectrum antimicrobial actinomycetes were chosen for further studies. Conclusion: Niche habitats in Manipur especially wetlands show great promise for discovery of bioactive actinomycetes.
Use of X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) for Identification of Fritillaria According to Geographical Origin
Fritillaria is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for anti-tussive and expectorant use in China and some other Asian countries. The Fritillaria Chinese medicine material derived from different geographical origins is always difficult to discriminate each other. The objective of the study is to develop a nondestructive and simple method to identify five Fritillaria Chinese materia medica such as Fritillaria thunbergii Miq., Fritillaria ussurensis Maxim., Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don, Fritillaria pallidifloca Schrenk and Fritillaria hupehensis Hsiao et K.C. Hsia. X-ray diffraction was utilized to analyze the discrepancy of the Fritillaria from different geographical origins. Because Fritillaria consists of plenty of starch, which is a very good semicrystalline macromolecule, the X-Ray diffraction spectra of Fritillaria powders mainly showed the crystalline properties of starch. The differences in starches crystallinite could be distinguished by X-ray diffraction spectra. X-ray diffraction is proved to be a new and powerful method to discriminate Fritillaria from different geographical origins.
Soluble Proteins, Proline, Carbohydrates and Na+/K+ Changes in Two Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Cultivars under in vitro Salt Stress
The effect of NaCl stress on soluble proteins, proline, carbohydrates and Na+/K+ of two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars Isfahani and Shirazy were studied. Seeds were germinated on medium containing only water agar, then transferred to MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) for 21 days. Increasing of salinity resulted in increasing of soluble proteins in stem & leaf of cv. Isfahani but decreasing in cv. Shirazy. Soluble proteins in roots of both cultivars showed some variations. When concentration of NaCl in the medium was increased proline contents of stem-leaf and roots in both cultivars increased significantly. However, cv. Shirazy showed higher amount of proline level. Proline content in stem-leaf in comparing with roots was higher in two cultivars. In response to increasing of salt concentration of the medium, the average amount of total carbohydrate in stem-leaf of cv. Shirazy increased but, in cv. Isfahani level of carbohydrate decreased. When explants form both cultivars were exposed to the higher concentration of salt the level of carbohydrate in roots increased. High-level salinity decreased the reduced sugars in both cv. either in stem-leaf or roots. Salt stress increased Na+ and decreased K+ content in both cultivars significantly.
Effects of Whole-body Magnetic Field on Changes of Glucose and Cortisol Hormone in Guinea Pigs
The main goal of this study was to evaluate the possible effect of whole-body magnetic field (MF) exposure on the variations of glucose and corlisol hormone levels on 36 adult male Guinea pigs. in four separate experiments, male Guinea pigs, were exposed to sinusoidal 5Hz ,0.013 μT and 50 Hz – 0.207μT MF. Duration of exposure was 2 and 4 h/day over a period of 5 days. At the end of the exposure, blood samples were isolated and level of Serum glucose measured by Auto analyzer. cortisol content of blood sera was assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA).We found significant decreases in the levels of glucose and cortisol hormone in 50 Hz – 0.207μT MF after 2 h exposure (p < 0.05). This condition was seen only for Glucose hormone after 4 h exposure (p < 0.05). In all test samples , exposure after 2 or 4 h in 50 Hz – 0.207μT , showed greater decrease compared to 5Hz ,0.013 μT MF exposure. Our results indicated that a presumably direct effect of whole – body MF exposure on levels of glucose and cortisol hormones.
Immunohistochemical Detection of Apoptosis-related Proteins in Gerbil hippocampus Following Transient Cerebral Ischemia: Neuroprotective Effect of Pitavastatin
Delayed and selective neuronal damage was caused in the CA1 sector of hippocampus following 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils. We investigated the immunohistochemical alterations of apoptosis-related proteins such as bcl-2α, bcl-xs/l, bax, cytochrome c, and active caspase 3 and TUNEL staining in the hippocampus at 1 and 5 hr and 1, 2, 5 and 14 days after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils. We also examined the effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pitavastatin against the alterations of apoptosis-related proteins and TUNEL staining in the hippocampus after cerebral ischemia. The alterations of apoptosis-related proteins in the hippocampal CA1 sector were more pronounced than the changes of hippocampal CA3 sector and dentate gyrus after cerebral ischemia. The alterations of apoptosis-related proteins in the hippocampal CA1 sector after cerebral ischemia preceded the neuronal damage in this region. Furthermore, the study with TUNEL staining showed that a marked increase of TUNEL-positive nuclei was evident only in the hippocampal CA1 sector 5 days after cerebral ischemia. Our immunohistochemical study also showed that pitavastatin prevented the alterations of apoptosis-related proteins and the increase of TUNEL-positive nuclei in the hippocampal CA1 sector 5 days after cerebral ischemia. The present study indicates that transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils causes the mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in the hippocampal CA1 sector. Furthermore, our present study demonstrates that pitavastatin can prevent the alterations of apoptosis-related proteins and the increase of TUNEL-positive nuclei in the hippocampal CA1 sector after cerebral ischemia. Thus our study provides novel therapeutic strategies in clinical stroke. (The first two authors contributed equally.)
In Vitro Interaction of 5-Hydroxytrptamine with Cytosolic Molybdenum Hydroxylases as a Potential Inhibitor for Initial Rates Activities
Problem statement: The role of 5-HT has been investigated in many behavioral activities. Thus, studies using raphe lesion showed that 5-HT is involved in sleep, general activity levels, habituation, aggression, pain sensitivity and morphine analgesia, avoidance behavior, self-stimulation and water consumption. Approach: The metabolic interaction between serotonin (5-hydroxytrptamine) and indole-3-aldehyde and xanthine via aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) and xanthine oxidase (EC 1.1.3.22), respectively, were studied in liver tissue homogenate of Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs by following the decrease in substrate concentration using spectrophotometer. Homogenates of liver were incubated with indole-3-aldehyde in the presence and absence of serotonin or (chlorpromazine and allopurinol a potent and selective inhibitors for aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase, respectively). Oxidation of indole-3-aldehyde to indole-3-acetic acid was reduced up to 63.2% in the presence of serotonin (100 µM), while oxidation of xanthine to uric acid was reduced up to 51.6% under the same conditions. Results: In comparison, incubation of the substrates with their specific inhibitors (100 µM of chlorpromazine and 100 µM allopurinol) give almost complete inhibition. These results demonstrate that in the guinea pig liver a metabolic interaction between serotonin and indole-3-aldehyde or xanthine via molybdenum hydroxylases system may take place in liver, which is the main tissue for xenobiotics detoxification. Conclusion: The overall conclusion from this research is that serotonin could be a protector for neurons and other tissue from the insult of oxidation of aldehydes and xanthines by molybdenum hydroxylases.
PDX-1 and MafA: Key Transcription Factors in Pancreas

Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor-1 (PDX-1) plays a crucial role in pancreas development, β-cell differentiation and in maintaining normal β-cell function by regulating several β-cell-related genes including insulin. PDX-1 has potency to induce insulin-producing cells in non β-cells in various tissues such as pancreas and liver and PDX-1-VP16 fusion protein more efficiently induces insulin-producing cells, especially in the presence of NeuroD or Ngn3. MafA is a recently isolated β-cell-specific transcription factor and functions as a potent transactivator for the insulin gene. MafA markedly enhances insulin gene promoter activity and ameliorates glucose tolerance in diabetic mice, especially in the presence of PDX-1 and NeuroD. Taken together, PDX-1 and MafA play a crucial role in inducing insulin-producing cells and could be a therapeutic target for diabetes.
2-Nonenal-Ovulatory Specific Volatiles in Human Saliva throughout Menstrual Cycle by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Analysis
Problem statement: The present investigation carry out a pilot study of a novel method to identify the salivary volatiles in different phases of menstrual cycle for the assessment of ovulation detection using gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometer. Approach: The profiles from follicular phase (6-12 days); ovulatory phase (13-14 days) and luteal phase (15-26 days) of menstrual cycle samples were compared to establish any qualitative and quantitative differences that might have potential value in human olfactory communication. Dichloromethane was used as the solvent for extraction of the compounds. Results: Fifteen compounds were identified. They include organic compounds like, acid, aldehyde, amine and alcohol. The most important constituent was 2-nonenal, which usually comprised 75% or more of the total volatiles observed in ovulatory phase. The concentration of many constituents varied widely. This appeared to be periodically in three cycles for five of the constituents, with a period of a few weeks and with pronounced maxima at the peak of ovulatory period of which only two were common to all the chromatograms. The chemical profile of ovulatory phase saliva was distinguished by the presence of two specific compounds, viz. 2- Nonenal, Acetic acid and Acetaldehyde that were not found in the other reproductive phases of saliva sample in women. Apparently these compounds are 2-nonenal, dodecanol, acetic acid and acetaldehyde. One or more of these compounds may have pheromonal activity in human body odor. Conclusion: Differentiation of the volatile patterns among reproductive phases in women may help to find the diagnostic marker for ovulation detection.
5-Hydroxytryptamine Induces Electrogenic Secretion in the Duodenum of Gerbil (Gerbillus cheesmani)
 The effect of serosally added 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT 100 µM) on the short circuit-current (Isc) across duodenum taken from fed, starved (4 days, water ad lib) and undernourished (50% control food intake for 21 days) gerbils (Gerbillus cheesmani) were investigated. The effect of the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX 10 µM) and atropine (100 µM) on the maximum increase in Isc induced by 5-HT were also studied. The 5-HT-induced Isc were higher in unstripped than in the stripped sheets in the three feeding conditions. TTX reduced the maximum increase in Isc induced by 5-HT across stripped and unstripped sheets taken from fed, starved and undernourished gerbils. Atropine decreased the 5-HT-induced Isc of stripped sheets in the three feeding conditions and it also decreased the 5-HT-induced Isc in unstripped sheets in fed duodenum. Therefore, the duodenal response to 5-HT occur partly by activation of a nonneural pathway and partly by activating electrogenic ion transport via muscarinic neural mechanism. It also showed that the 5-HT-induced Isc was chloride-dependent in fed duodenum and were chloride and bicarbonate dependent in the duodenum taken from starved and undernourished gerbil The results also showed that the increase in 5-HT-induced Isc as a results of starvation and undernourishment were TTX-sensitive and both chloride and bicarbonate dependent.
Agrobacterium-mediated Genetic Transformation in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

The present study was undertaken to develop efficient transformation protocol for cucumber cv. Poinsett 76 using Agrobacterium strain EHA 105. Five-day-old mature cotyledon explants was used for transformation study. The infected explants were co-cultivated for 2 days in MS medium containing BA (1.0 mg Lˉ ¹). The selection of transformed shoots was carried out in MS medium fortified with BA (1.0 mg Lˉ ¹), Cefotaxime (300 mg Lˉ ¹) and PPT (2.0 mg Lˉ ¹). The transformed shoots were elongated in MS medium containing BA (1.0 mg Lˉ ¹), Cefotaxime (300 mg Lˉ ¹), PPT (2.0 mg Lˉ ¹) along with GA3 (0.5 mg Lˉ ¹). The rooting of elongated shoots was achieved in MS medium with BA (1.0 mg Lˉ ¹), Cefotaxime (300 mg Lˉ ¹), PPT (2.0 mg Lˉ ¹) and IBA (0.6mg Lˉ ¹). The transient GUS expression assay and leaf disc assay were carried out in order to find transformed shoots. The molecular confirmation of transformed shoots revealed the foreign gene integration into cucumber genome.
In vitro Effects of Beet Root Juice on Stimulated and Unstimulated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Intake of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants is suggested to reduce the incidence of cancer and coronary heart disease in humans. Exceptional antioxidant activity of beet root extracts has been reported. Likewise in animal models, e.g., extracts of red beetroot Beta vulgaris var. rubra revealed significant tumor inhibitory effects. Red beetroot concentrate is universally permitted as a food ingredient. In this study, effects of a commercially available beetroot juice on freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A were investigated in vitro . Tryptophan degradation and neopterin formation were monitored in culture supernatants to determine effects of test substances on immunobiochemical pathways which both are induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-γ. Compared to unstimulated cells, the mitogens induced significant formation of neopterin and degradation of tryptophan which is reflected by increasing concentrations of kynurenine together with diminished tryptophan levels in supernatants. Addition of beetroot extracts significantly suppressed these mitogen-induced changes, e.g. the rate of neopterin production as well as tryptophan degradation was dose-dependently suppressed. Our data show that beetroot extract is able to counteract pro-inflammatory cascades in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Because inflammation is strongly involved in the development and progression of several clinical conditions including coronary heart disease and cancer, beneficial effect of beetroot extract may relate to this anti-inflammatory capacity.
In Vitro Interaction of 5-Hydroxytrptamine with Cytosolic Molybdenum Hydroxylases as a Potential Inhibitor for Initial Rates Activities
Problem statement: The role of 5-HT has been investigated in many behavioral activities. Thus, studies using raphe lesion showed that 5-HT is involved in sleep, general activity levels, habituation, aggression, pain sensitivity and morphine analgesia, avoidance behavior, self-stimulation and water consumption. Approach: The metabolic interaction between serotonin (5- hydroxytrptamine) and indole-3-aldehyde and xanthine via aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) and xanthine oxidase (EC 1.1.3.22), respectively, were studied in liver tissue homogenate of Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs by following the decrease in substrate concentration using spectrophotometer. Homogenates of liver were incubated with indole-3-aldehyde in the presence and absence of serotonin or (chlorpromazine and allopurinol a potent and selective inhibitors for aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase, respectively). Oxidation of indole-3-aldehyde to indole-3-acetic acid was reduced up to 63.2% in the presence of serotonin (100 µM), while oxidation of xanthine to uric acid was reduced up to 51.6% under the same conditions. Results: In comparison, incubation of the substrates with their specific inhibitors (100 µM of chlorpromazine and 100 µM allopurinol) give almost complete inhibition. These results demonstrate that in the guinea pig liver a metabolic interaction between serotonin and indole-3-aldehyde or xanthine via molybdenum hydroxylases system may take place in liver, which is the main tissue for xenobiotics detoxification. Conclusion: The overall conclusion from this research is that serotonin could be a protector for neurons and other tissue from the insult of oxidation of aldehydes and xanthines by molybdenum hydroxylases.
In Vitro Metabolism Studies of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Using Rat and Human Liver Microsomes

A number of studies have recently reported the bioaccumulation of the commonly used fire retardants, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs), in humans and wildlife. Exposure of animals to PBDEs has been shown to result in developmental neurological, reproductive abnormalities and the disruption of endocrine function. Thyroid hormone equilibria was also shown to be altered by PBDE exposure. There is evidence that hydroxylated metabolites of PBDEs are directly involved in some of these adverse effects. Although metabolites of PBDEs have been isolated and characterized during in vivo studies, the identification of metabolites from an in vitro system has been problematic. We investigated the in vitro metabolism of four PBDEs, with varying numbers of bromine atoms, in rat and human liver microsomes. The addition of small amounts of a nonionic surfactant to the reaction mixture was necessary to obtain measurable amounts of metabolites due to the low aqueous solubility of the PBDEs. Using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, mono and/or dihydroxylated metabolites were identified from three of the four PBDEs with phenobarbitol- and β-naphthoflavone-induced rat liver microsomes. When using uninduced rat or human liver microsomes, metabolites were found with only one of the PBDEs. The ease of PBDE metabolism appears to be inversely related to the number of bromine atoms on the parent compound.
In vivo, Acute, Normo-hypoglycemic, Antihyperglycemic, Insulinotropic Actions of Orally Administered Ethanol Extract of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrab Pulp

Problem statement: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrab (cucurbitaceae family) (Handal) is a fruit commonly known as bitter apple or bitter cucumber. Traditionally, Citrullus colocynthis has been used for the treatment of diabetes. In particular, the acute effect and rout of administration of ethanol extract of the seedless pulp in vivo remains untested. We investigated the effect of different routs of administration and their hypoglycemic and insulinotropic effects of ethanol/water (20/80 V/V) extract of the dried seedless pulp of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrab on normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Approach: Rats were divided into two groups, normal and diabetic rats. Non-diabetic rats were fasted for 18 h before the beginning of the experimental procedure. About 250 μL of normal saline (i.e., vehicle) was administered to control groups either i.p. (Group I) or orally (Group III) using modified feeding canula. As 250 μL pulp extract was administered i.p. (Group II) or orally (Group IV). Five min, after the administration of the extract or vehicle, an Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (IPGTT) was conducted (1.5 g glucose/kg) on groups I, II, III and IV, but not Groups V or VI. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were fasted for 6 h before the beginning of the experimental procedure. They were divided into control (Group V) and treated groups (Group VI), each of 6 rats. As 250 μL of the extract (equivalent to 300 mg kg ^-1) was administered orally to alloxan treated-group, while 250 μL of the vehicle was administrated orally to the animals of control group. Serum samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h following the treatment and were used for glucose and insulin determination. Results: Oral, but not intraperitonial (i.p.) administration of ethanol extract (300 mg kg ^-1) resulted in acute, significant (p>0.05) and time-dependent changes in rat serum glucose and insulin levels in both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In extract-treated alloxan-free rats, a maximum of 32.9% reduction in serum glucose levels was observed following Intraperitonial Glucose Tolerance Test (IPGTT) using glucose-oxidase assay. A maximum reciprocal increase of 59.5% in serum insulin levels following IPGTT was determined by ELISA. Further, in alloxan/ethanol extract-treated group, a maximum of 31% reduction in serum glucose levels as well as 370.2% increase in serum insulin levels following IPGTT were observed. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that oral administration of the ethanol extract of the dried seedless pulp of Citrullus colocynthis had normo-hypoglycemic (i.e., in normal rats), antihyperglycemic as well as insulinotropic actions in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
A Microscopic Study of Language-Related Cortex in Autism

Impaired language function is a principle criterion for the diagnosis of autism. The present study of brain from age-matched autistic and control subjects compared brain regions associated with the production and processing of speech. Wernicke's area (Brodmann 22, speech recognition), Broca's area (Brodmann 44, speech production) andthe gyrus angularis (Brodmann 39, reading) from autistic subjects (7-44 years of age) and control subjects (8-56 years of age) were examined microscopically. Striking differences in the density of glial cells, the density of neurons andthe number of lipofuscin-containing neurons were observed in the autistic group compared with the control group. The mean density of glial cells was greater in the autistic cohort than controls in area 22 (p<0.001), area 39 (p<0.01) andarea 44 (p<0.05). The density of neurons was lesser in autism in area 22 (p<0.01) and area 39 (p<0.01). The autistic group exhibited significantly greater numbers of lipofuscin-containing cells in area 22 (p<0.001) and area 39 (p<0.01). The results are consistent with accelerated neuronal death in association with gliosis and lipofuscin accumulation in autism after age seven. Production of lipofuscin (a matrix of oxidized lipid and cross-linked protein more commonly associated with neurodegenerative disease) is accelerated under conditions of oxidative stress. Area 22 in autism evidenced the greatest glial increase, the greatest neuronal decrease andthe greatest increase of non-specific cells containing lipofuscin, which itself may contribute to greater free-radical generation in brain.
A New Method to Estimate Intrinsic Parameters in the Ping-pong Bisustrate Kinetic: Application to the Oxipolymerization of Phenol
A new method for determining the intrinsic parameters of reaction in processes involving a high initial rate has been developed. The usefulness of this alternative, which consists of determining several sets of apparent parameters at different times and then extrapolating these to time zero, is demonstrated proved by the linear dependence obtained between the apparent parameters and the reaction time. The method permitted the values of the intrinsic parameters (enzyme specific activity and Michaelis-Menten constants of both substrates) to be obtained for the system under study and was checked with experimental reaction rate data for the soybean peroxidase/phenol/hydrogen peroxide system.
A New Polyoxypregnane Glycoside from the Roots of Dregea volubilis (L.f) Benth. ex Hook. f and its Chondroprotective Effect

Problem statement: Dregea genus (Asclepiadaceae) is well known for the rich of steroid pregnane contents and these plants are famous for the potential to be applied as alternative biological activities. Dregea volubilis is the only species of Dregea genus in Thailand. The chemical and biological investigations of this plant are interesting to bioassay-guided fractionation, particularly chondroprotective effect. Approach: The research was carried out to extract, isolate, purify and elucidate structure of the active compound from the roots Dregea volubilis . Both of the solvent extracts and isolated compound were evaluated with kinds of chondroprotection. i.e., S-GAG), HA, UA and production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Results: Polyoxypregnane glycoside (PGG) or 12-0-benzoyl-8, 11-ditigloyl-3β, 8β, 11β, 12β, 14β-pentahydroxy-pregn-14-ol, 20-one,-3-0-methyl-β-D-allopyranosyl (1→4)-β-D-thevetopyranoside was isolated from the active ethyl acetate extract of the roots Dregea volubilis . The spectroscopic techniques were provided for success in structure determination. In addition, a new compound was the most powerful to biological activities. Chondroprotective effect of PPG on the degradation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (S-GAG), hyaluronan (HA), uronic acid (UA) and production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-stimulated porcine articular cartilage were also assessed. PGG was interestingly effective in reducing IL-1β induced S-GAG, HA release from cartilage explant and MMP-2 activity. Furthermore, PPG can reverse effect of IL-1β-reduced the levels of uronic acid remaining in cartilage tissue. Conclusion: The PGG was possessed a potent chondroprotective activity using the IL-1β stimulated cartilage explant model. Therefore, it is possible to use this compound as a new pharmacological agent for the management of degenerative joint diseases.
A New Text Mining Approach for Finding Protein-to-Disease Associations
 Discovering significant relationships between biological entities from text documents is an important task for biologists in order to develop biological models for research and discovery, especially with the existing gigantic amounts of biomedical documents and the rate at which they are increasing everyday. We propose a new text mining method to extract associations between biological entities from text documents; and we focus and apply the method in our experiments on discovering proteins-to-diseases associations. The proposed method uses two sets of documents on the topic of interest [a negative set and positive (or relevant) set] and utilizes the concepts of expectation (ex), evidence (ev) and Z-scores in combining positive and negative evidences in determining the significant associations. Moreover, the method offers an efficient way to handle protein names, aliases and abbreviations and to disambiguate them from common abbreviations, gene symbols and such. We evaluated the method in discovering protein-to-disease associations from Medline abstracts and the results are very encouraging. We confirmed the correctness of the results, in each experiment, through articles from Medline. Our method was able to discover associations between certain proteins and various diseases like Alzheimer, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Crohn Disease, Dengue, Jaundice, Lung cancer and more. For example, in Alzheimer test, the method ran on 83,933 abstracts and discovered that Alzheimer has significant association with 6 proteins, among them, Amyloid beta A4 protein precursor, Apolipoprotein E precursor and Presenilin 1 [PMIDs: 8596911, 1465129, 8346443, 12614323, 8766720 and 8878479]. We further tested our method on some already discovered and published relationships between genes and diseases and the method was also successful in supporting those discoveries.
No Issue Number
Determining instability modes in a gas flame
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> The efficiency of modern methods of experimental hydromechanics for determining local and global instability modes in turbulent flows is demonstrated. The particle image velocimetry technique and the method of dynamic mode decomposition for the analysis of instantaneous flow velocity fields were used to study non-swirling and strongly swirling jet flows of rich propane-air mixture issuing into atmospheric air and burning as a suspended flame. Modes induced by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and vortex core precession are determined.
Plasma microthruster based on spark discharge with a liquid metal cathode

The parameters of low-inductance vacuum spark discharge with an In-Ga liquid metal eutectic cathode have been experimentally studied. The application of a constant magnetic field of a permanent magnet significantly modifies the character of plasma flow in discharge, which ensures a significant (1.5- to 2-fold) increase in the cathodic jet impulse. The proposed discharge provides high propulsion characteristics: jet impulse per unit energy stored amounts up to about 10 (μN s)/J, which is close to the best-known values for analogous ion sources with solid metal cathodes.
Specific features of nanosecond current-voltage characteristics of an array of carbon nanotubes
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> Nanosecond oulsed current-voltage characteristics of an array of multi- and single-walled carbon nanotubes has been studied in the presence of electric fields where instabilities with negative differential conductivity are manifested. It is established that the development of electric instability in these structures obeys the classical percolation mechanism. Processes in weak electric fields are revealed, which are analogous to processes in the base grid with built-in inhomogeneities.
The effect of segregation and thermodiffusion on the formation of interfaces in nanostructured (Ti-Hf-Zr-V-Nb)N multielement coatings

Superhard nanostructured multielement coatings based on (Ti-Hf-Zr-V-Nb)N composition have been studied before and after thermal annealing at 600�C. It has been established that capture of positrons on defects takes place at the boundaries of nanograins and on interfaces (vacancies, nanopores, triple and higher-order joints of nanograins). Three-dimensional maps of the distribution of elements in super-hard coatings have been obtained using micro-proton-beam induced X-ray emission (μ-PIXE) measurements. Analysis of the μ-PIXE elemental profiles and defect profiles (obtained using a focused positron beam) helps understanding the physical picture of processes related to the formation of interfaces and sub-boundaries in nanostructured (Ti-Hf-Zr-V-Nb)N coatings.
Resonance coulomb trapping of electrons in a deep quantum well
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> The role of the Coulomb interaction in trapping of electrons in a deep quantum well is investigated. By an example of a three-level quantum well, the fundamental mechanisms of trapping of electrons are considered: upon interaction with optical phonons and Coulomb interaction of electrons with one another. The corresponding trapping probabilities and lifetimes of electrons are calculated. With regard to the effect of Auger recombination on the charge-carrier distribution in a quantum well, the system of rate equations for the nonstationary regime is solved and the time dependences of electron concentrations at the ground energy level in the quantum well are determined. The contribution of each recombination process is shown.
Evaluation of the optimal carrier gas flow rate for the carbon nanotubes growth

Arrays of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized in a gas-phase flow reactor by thermal decomposition of reaction mixture (2% solution of ferrocene in toluene) on the surface of silicon substrates heated to 800�C. Variation of the height of the CNT array as a function of position of the substrate in the reactor and carrier gas flow rate was registered. The difference in the obtained dependences and temperature distribution in the reactor points to the necessity of taking into account the change in the concentration of the active carbon component in the gas mixture. An expression associating the parameters of synthesis and thickness of the CNT array being formed on the substrate is offered.
The effect of the size factor of nanodiamonds in suspensions on optical power limiting and nonlinear laser light scattering
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> The results of experimental studies of optical power limiting (OPL) and nonlinear light scattering (NLS) at a wavelength of 532 nm in suspensions of detonation-synthesis modified nanodiamonds (MNDs) with different grain-size compositions are described. It is found that, at the same nanoparticle concentration, OPL and NLS are more efficient in suspensions with large MNDs. It is shown that MND suspensions can exhibit a stable long-term operation as OPL in a field of laser pulses with a power density of 0.2 GW/cm2 at a repetition frequency of 1 Hz.
Amplitudes of three-dimensional waves in a nonisothermal falling liquid film
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> The amplitudes of three-dimensional (3D) waves in a water film flowing down a vertical plate with a local heater have been measured. Thermocapillary forces that arise on heating lead to the formation of rivulets separated by thin-layer troughs, with 3D waves propagating over the crests of rivulets. The film thickness and 3D wave amplitudes on the heater grow with increasing heat flux density and distance downstream the flow, but the relative wave amplitude remains unchanged. In the heated regions between rivulets, the relative amplitude of waves increases with decreasing average thickness (or local Reynolds number). Analysis of results obtained for large Reynolds numbers showed that the relative amplitudes of waves in the regions between rivulets at high heat flux densities are much greater than those for small Reynolds numbers in isothermal falling films.
A new approach to the control of biochemical reactions in a magnetic nanosuspension using a low-frequency magnetic field

A new approach to the control of biochemical reactions in magnetic nanosuspensions exposed to a low-frequency (nonheating) magnetic field, which has a nanomechanical effect on macro-molecules chemically linked to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), is described. Experimental verification of this approach showed that a magnetic field with an intensity of from 15 to 220 kA/m and a frequency of 50 Hz affected the kinetics of a chemical reaction in an aqueous solution containing suspended MNPs of magnetite (FeO � Fe ₂O ₃) and chymotrypsin molecules linked to them through polymer bridges. The field dependence of the effect is shown. The effect is interpreted within the framework of a nanomechanical model taking into account the deformations, conformational change, and destruction of weak bonds in the enzyme macromolecule under the action of the forces applied to it during the orientation of MNPs in the field.
Experimental investigation of charged liquid jet efflux from a capillary
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> The shapes and electrical characteristics of charged liquid (water, ethanol, glycerol, castor oil) jets emitted from a metal capillary have been experimentally studied depending on the applied high voltage. A map of efflux regimes in the flow velocity-applied voltage coordinates is constructed for water. The effects of medium viscosity, surface tension, and charge relaxation time on the laws of jet efflux are analyzed.
On the possibility of generating volume dielectric barrier discharge in air at atmospheric pressure
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> A homogeneous volume dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in air at atmospheric pressure and natural humidity has been obtained. Conditions ensuring generation of a homogeneous DBD are described. It is shown that a determining influence on the homogeneity of DBD is produced by the rate of electric field strength growth in the discharge gap.
Labeling detonation nanodiamond suspensions using the optical methods
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> The percentage of large particles in the water suspension of diamond nanoparticles to a large extent determines the potential of using these suspensions in technology and medicine. It is demonstrated that there is an error in determining the percentage of large diamond nanoparticles in water suspensions using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method to measure the size distribution of the particles. A method for labeling these suspensions based on supplementing the DLS measurements with recording of an optical spectrum in the visible region is proposed. The labeling allows one to perform more reliable determination of the percentage of large particles in a suspension.
High-speed jet group penetration into brittle materials
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> The group impact of space charge jets (SCJs) on a composite target consisting of corundum and fiber glass-reinforced plastic layers has been studied. It is established that, under certain spatial and temporal conditions, the collective action of SCJs enhances the efficiency of brittle material resistance to high-speed jet penetration. These features are manifested for a subsonic character of penetration and confirm the proposed mechanism of the radial action of a crater formed in a high-strength brittle material on the SCJ propagation.
Determining the cardiovascular pulse waveform using a semiconductor laser autodyne signal
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> It is shown that a semiconductor laser autodyne signal can be used to reconstruct the pulse waveform in the human radial artery. The pulse waveforms determined using the proposed autodyne system are compared to those obtained by an oscillographic technique using a pneumatic sensor at various pressures in the arm cuff.
Effect of a crystalline structure on the ion-electron emission of the Al + 6% Mg alloy
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> The ion-electron emission of nanocrystalline aluminum alloy Al + 6% Mg is investigated. The nanocrystalline structure in the alloy was manufactured by torsional deformation under quasi-hydrostatic pressure. The ion-electron emission coefficient for the nanocrystalline alloy sample is higher than that of the coarsely crystalline sample. The increase in the coefficient is caused by the changes in the electron structure of the metals due to their deformation. In particular, it is demonstrated that the electron work function for the alloy Al + 6% Mg with a crystalline structure is 0.4 eV lower than that for the coarsely crystalline structure.
Effective antireflection coating based on TiO2-SiO2 mixture for solar cells
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> A mixed alloy of TiO2 and SiO2 has been obtained using a 3-kW solar furnace. Films of the TiO2-SiO2 alloy applied onto a surface of glass and silicon plates exhibit high strength and adhesion, are transparent in the spectral range of sensitivity of solar cells, and can be used as effective antireflection coatings. It is established that adding TiO2 to SiO2 improves the optical properties of oxide coatings.
Work performance in TiNi alloy during heat cycling in the temperature range of B2 ↔ R martensitic transformation

The possibility of useful work performance in a TiNi alloy during heat cycling in the temperature range of the B 2 ↔ R martensitic transformation has been studied. In the regime of work performance during heat cycling, the alloy sample was cooled under a constant applied stress of 0, 50, 100, or 150 MPa, while heating was performed under a constant stress of 200 MPa. The results show that a TiNi alloy is capable of performing useful work during heat cycling in the temperature range of B 2 ↔ R transformation. A maximum work output of 0.45 MJ/m ³ was observed in the case of cooling at an applied stress of 100MPa. The efficiency of work performance in this case amounted to 1.3%, which was about half of the value for heat cycling in the temperature range of the B 2 ↔ B 19’ martensitic transformation.
Analysis of possibilities for the development of ultraviolet emitters based on ethanol molecules
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> The possibility of development of ultraviolet emitters on hydroxyl radicals obtained in a glow discharge in ethanol and water-vapor mixture has been theoretically analyzed for the first time. It was shown that these lamps have a limited lifetime due to the irreversible dissociation of ethanol molecules and formation of stable hydrocarbons with higher electron-impact dissociation energy.
Temperature dependence of the elastic moduli of multiferroic PbFe2/3W1/3O3 ceramics

Elastic properties of multiferroic PbFe _2/3W _1/3O ₃ (PFW) ceramics have been studied in a temperature range of 4.2–400 K, which contains the regions of existence of the ferroelectric relaxor and antiferromagnetic phases. The longitudinal, shear, and bulk elasticity moduli, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of PFW ceramics have been determined for the first time. Regions of temperature stability of the elastic properties extending over several dozen degrees have been found.
Relativistic electron beam induced amplification of surface wave propagating over a corrugated metal surface
<h3 class="a-plus-plus"> </h3> An impedance model is constructed in the framework of a quasi-optical approach, which describes the propagation of radiation over a corrugated metal surface and its amplification by a rectilinear relativistic electron beam. It is shown that this scheme can provide effective amplification of radiation in a submillimeter wavelength range.