International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

VOL 63 (2013)

• Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 63, part 1, of the IJSEM [NOTIFICATION LIST]
  This listing of names published in a previous issue of the IJSEM is provided as a service to bacteriology to assist in the recognition of new names and new combinations. This procedure was proposed by the Judicial Commission [Minute 11(ii), Int J Syst Bacteriol 41 (1991), p. 185]. The names given herein are listed according to the Rules of priority (i.e. page number and order of valid publication of names in the original articles). Taxonomic opinions included in this List (i.e. the creation of synonyms or the emendation of circumscriptions) cannot be considered as validly published nor, in any other way, approved by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes and its Judicial Commission.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.051581-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.051581-0
  
• Description of Alloprevotella rava gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity, and reclassification of Prevotella tannerae Moore et al. 1994 as Alloprevotella tannerae gen. nov., comb. nov. [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  Five strains of anaerobic, Gram-negative bacilli isolated from the human oral cavity were subjected to a comprehensive range of phenotypic and genotypic tests and were found to comprise a homogeneous group. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that these strains represented a novel group within the family Prevotellaceae , and the most closely related species was Prevotella tannerae . P. tannerae and the novel taxon are deeply branched from the genus Prevotella , with sequence identities to the type strain of the type species of Prevotella , Prevotella melaninogenica , of 82.2 and 85.6 %, respectively. The novel genus Alloprevotella gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate the novel species Alloprevotella rava gen. nov., sp. nov. and the previously named Prevotella tannerae Moore et al. 1994 as Alloprevotella tannerae gen. nov., comb. nov. The type species is Alloprevotella tannerae . The type strain of Alloprevotella rava is 81/4-12 ^T ( = DSM 22548 ^T = CCUG 58091 ^T ) and the type strain of Alloprevotella tannerae is ATCC 51259 ^T = CCUG 34292 ^T = CIP 104476 ^T = NCTC 13073 ^T . Alloprevotella rava is weakly to moderately saccharolytic and produces moderate amounts of acetic acid and major amounts of succinic acid as end products of fermentation. Strains are sensitive to 20 % bile and hydrolyse gelatin. The principal cellular long-chain fatty acids are anteiso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{15 : 0} , C _{16 : 0} , iso-C _{17 : 0} and iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH. The G+C content of the DNA of the type strain is 47 mol%.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041376-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041376-0
  
• Mooreia alkaloidigena gen. nov., sp. nov. and Catalinimonas alkaloidigena gen. nov., sp. nov., alkaloid-producing marine bacteria in the proposed families Mooreiaceae fam. nov. and Catalimonadaceae fam. nov. in the phylum Bacteroidetes [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  Bacterial strains CNX-216 ^T and CNU-914 ^T were isolated from marine sediment samples collected from Palmyra Atoll and off Catalina Island, respectively. Both strains were Gram-negative and aerobic and produce deep-orange to pink colonies and alkaloid secondary metabolites. Cells of strain CNX-216 ^T were short, non-motile rods, whereas cells of strain CNU-914 ^T were short, curved rods with gliding motility. The DNA G+C contents of CNX-216 ^T and CNU-914 ^T were respectively 57.7 and 44.4 mol%. Strains CNX-216 ^T and CNU-914 ^T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C _{15 : 0} and C _{16 : 1} 5 c as the major fatty acids. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that both strains belong to the order Cytophagales in the phylum Bacteroidetes . Strain CNX-216 ^T exhibited low 16S rRNA gene sequence identity (87.1 %) to the nearest type strain, Cesiribacter roseus 311 ^T , and formed a well-supported lineage that is outside all currently described families in the order Cytophagales . Strain CNU-914 ^T shared 97.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with ‘ Porifericola rhodea ’ N5EA6-3A2B and, together with ‘ Tunicatimonas pelagia ’ N5DB8-4 and four uncharacterized marine bacteria isolated as part of this study, formed a lineage that is clearly distinguished from other families in the order Cytophagales . Based on our polyphasic taxonomic characterization, we propose that strains CNX-216 ^T and CNU-914 ^T represent novel genera and species, for which we propose the names Mooreia alkaloidigena gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain CNX-216 ^T = DSM 25187 ^T = KCCM 90102 ^T ) and Catalinimonas alkaloidigena gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain CNU-914 ^T = DSM 25186 ^T = KCCM 90101 ^T ) within the new families Mooreiaceae fam. nov. and Catalimonadaceae fam. nov.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043752-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043752-0
  
• Bacillus persicus sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium from a hypersaline lake [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  A novel Gram-positive, slightly halophilic bacterium, designated strain B48 ^T , was isolated from soil around the hypersaline lake Aran-Bidgol in Iran and characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain B48 ^T were non-motile rods and produced ellipsoidal endospores at a central or subterminal position in swollen sporangia. Strain B48 ^T was a strictly aerobic bacterium, catalase- and oxidase-positive. The strain was able to grow at NaCl concentrations of 0.5–10.0 % (w/v), with optimum growth occurring at 2.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The optimum temperature and pH for growth were 35 °C and pH 7.5–8.0, respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain B48 ^T was shown to belong to the genus Bacillus within the phylum Firmicutes and showed the closest phylogenetic similarity to the species Bacillus foraminis CV53 ^T (97.4 %) and Bacillus purgationiresistens DS22 ^T (96.9 %). The DNA G+C content of this new isolate was 40.1 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids of strain B48 ^T were iso-C _{15 : 0} and anteiso-C _{15 : 0} , and its polar lipid pattern consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an aminophospholipid and two unknown phospholipids. The only quinone present was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The peptidoglycan contained meso -diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. All these features confirm the placement of isolate B48 ^T within the genus Bacillus . DNA–DNA hybridization experiments revealed a low level of relatedness between strain B48 ^T and Bacillus foraminis IBRC-M 10625 ^T (8.1 %). On the basis of polyphasic evidence from this study, a new species of the genus Bacillus , Bacillus persicus sp. nov., is proposed, with strain B48 ^T ( = IBRC-M 10115 ^T = DSM 25386 ^T = CECT 8001 ^T ) as the type strain.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042689-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042689-0
  
• Aquimarina longa sp. nov., isolated from seawater, and emended description of Aquimarina muelleri [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A novel Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-flagellated, strictly aerobic strain with gliding motility, designated SW024 ^T , was isolated from surface seawater of the South Pacific Gyre (26° 29' S 137° 56' W) during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 329. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the novel strain was related most closely to Aquimarina muelleri KMM 6020 ^T , Aquimarina macrocephali JAMB N27 ^T , Aquimarina addita JC2680 ^T , Aquimarina mytili PSC33 ^T , Aquimarina intermedia KMM 6258 ^T , Aquimarina latercula ATCC 23177 ^T , Aquimarina spongiae A6 ^T , Aquimarina agarilytica ZC1 ^T and Aquimarina brevivitae SMK-19 ^T (96.1, 95.5, 95.0, 94.4, 94.3, 94.0, 93.4, 93.3 and 93.2 % similarities, respectively), demonstrating that the novel strain belonged to the genus Aquimarina . The DNA G+C content of strain SW024 ^T was 30.8 mol%. The major respiratory quinone of strain SW024 ^T was MK-6. The dominant fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH, iso-C _{15 : 1} G, C _{16 : 0} 10-methyl and/or iso-C _{17 : 1} 9c , and iso-C _{15 : 0} 3-OH. The polar lipids of strain SW024 ^T were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unknown aminolipids and five unknown polar lipids. On the basis of combined phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain SW024 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Aquimarina , for which the name Aquimarina longa sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SW024 ^T ( = CGMCC 1.11007 ^T = JCM 17859 ^T ). An emended description of A. muelleri is also proposed.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041509-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041509-0
  
• Jatrophihabitans endophyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from a surface-sterilized stem of Jatropha curcas L. [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  A short rod-shaped Gram-stain-positive actinobacterium was isolated as an endophyte from the tissues of Jatropha curcas cv. KB27 and was investigated by means of a polyphasic taxonomic approach. An analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain S9-650 ^T forms an individual line of descent and is related to certain members of the suborder Frankineae , order Actinomycetales (<95 % sequence similarity). Distance-matrix and neighbour-joining analyses set the branching point of the novel isolate between two clades, one being represented by members of the genera Frankia (family Frankiaceae ) and Acidothermus (family Acidothermaceae ) and the other by members of the genera Geodermatophilus , Blastococcus and Modestobacter (family Geodermatophilaceae ). The organism had meso -diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The acyl type was found to be N -glycolylated. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H ₄ ) and the fatty acid profile was characterized by the predominance of iso-C _{16 : 0} , C _{18 : 1} 9 c , anteiso-C _{17 : 0} and C _{17 : 1} 8 c. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid, phospholipids and aminolipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 71.2 mol%. The distinct phylogenetic position and the phenotypic markers that clearly separate the novel organism from all other members of the suborder Frankineae indicate that strain S9-650 ^T represents a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Jatrophihabitans endophyticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is S9-650 ^T ( = DSM 45627 ^T = KACC 16232 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.039685-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.039685-0
  
• Kribbella endophytica sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the surface-sterilized leaf of a native apricot tree [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  A new strain of the genus Kribbella , PIP 118 ^T , was isolated from the leaf of an Australian native apricot tree ( Pittosporum angustifolium ), or Gumbi Gumbi in the indigenous language. This strain is an aerobic actinobacterium consisting of hyphae that fragment into short to elongated rod-like elements. Phylogenetic evaluation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed this isolate as a member of the family Nocardioidaceae and most closely related to Kribbella antibiotica YIM 31530 ^T (98.6 %) and Kribbella koreensis LM 161 ^T (98.4 %). Chemotaxonomic data including cell wall components, major menaquinone and major fatty acids confirmed the affiliation of strain PIP 118 ^T to the genus Kribbella . The results of the phylogenetic analysis, including physiological and biochemical studies in combination with DNA–DNA hybridization, allowed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain PIP 118 ^T and members of the most closely related species with validly published names. The name proposed for the new species is Kribbella endophytica sp. nov. The type strain is PIP 118 ^T ( = DSM 23718 ^T = NRRL B-24812 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041343-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041343-0
  
• Amycolatopsis magusensis sp. nov., isolated from soil [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  A novel actinomycete, designated strain KT2025 ^T , was isolated from arid soil collected from Magusa, northern Cyprus. The taxonomic position of the novel strain was established by using a polyphasic approach. The organism had chemical and morphological features consistent with its classification in the genus Amycolatopsis . Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences supported the classification of the isolate in the genus Amycolatopsis and showed that the organism formed a cluster with Amycolatopsis nigrescens CSC17-Ta-90 ^T , Amycolatopsis minnesotensis 32U-2 ^T , Amycolatopsis sacchari DSM 44468 ^T and Amycolatopsis dongchuanensis YIM 75904 ^T . 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis indicated that strain KT2025 ^T was most closely related to Amycolatopsis lurida DSM 43134 ^T (97.5 %), Amycolatopsis keratiniphila subsp. keratiniphila DSM 44409 ^T (97.4 %), Amycolatopsis keratiniphila subsp. nogabecina DSM 44586 ^T (97.1 %), Amycolatopsis nigrescens DSM 44992 ^T (97.1 %), Amycolatopsis azurea DSM 43854 ^T (97.1 %) and Amycolatopsis minnesotensis DSM 44988 ^T (96.9 %). The organism was found to have chemical features typical of members of the genus Amycolatopsis such as meso -diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, and arabinose and galactose as diagnostic sugars. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H ₄ ). The polar lipids detected were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids were iso-C _{16 : 0} , iso-C _{15 : 0} and iso-C _{14 : 0} . The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.8 mol%. Phenotypic data clearly distinguished the isolate from its closest relatives. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data and low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness with its closest relatives indicated that strain KT2025 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis , for which the name Amycolatopsis magusensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KT2025 ^T ( = DSM 45510 ^T = KCTC 29056 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042770-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042770-0
  
• Luteimonas vadosa sp. nov., isolated from seashore sediment [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium designated strain KMM 9005 ^T was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the Sea of Japan seashore. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain KMM 9005 ^T belonged to the genus Luteimonas and was most closely related to Luteimonas cucumeris KCTC 23627 ^T (96.5 % sequence similarity) and Luteimonas aquatica LMG 24212 ^T (96.1 % sequence similarity). Strain KMM 9005 ^T was characterized by the presence of thin fimbriae, the major ubiquinone Q-8, by the predominance of iso-C _{17 : 1} followed by iso-C _{16 : 0} , iso-C _{15 : 0} and iso-C _{17 : 0} in its fatty acid profile, weak hydrolytic capacity and the inability to assimilate most organic substrates. Based on these distinctive phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, strain KMM 9005 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Luteimonas , for which the name Luteimonas vadosa sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 9005 ^T ( = NRIC 0881 ^T = JCM 18392 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043273-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043273-0
  
• Mucilaginibacter jinjuensis sp. nov., with xylan-degrading activity [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, pale-orange-pigmented bacterial strain with xylan-degrading activity designated YC7004 ^T was isolated from a rotten-wood sample collected at Jinju, Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. The strain grew optimally on R2A medium at 30 °C and at pH 6. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK7 and major fatty acids were summed feature 3, iso-C _{15 : 0} , C _{16 : 0} , iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH, iso-C _{17 : 1} 9 c and C _{16 : 1} 5 c . The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 40.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain belongs to the genus Mucilaginibacter in the family Sphingobacteriaceae . The most closely related species were Mucilaginibacter daejeonensis (95.5 %), Mucilaginibacter frigoritolerans (94.6 % ) and Mucilaginibacter mallensis (94.0 %). Based on the phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data analyses, strain YC7004 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter with the proposed name of Mucilaginibacter jinjuensis sp. nov. The type strain is YC7004 ^T ( = KACC 16571 ^T = NBRC 108856 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043828-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043828-0
  
• Pedobacter ginsengiterrae sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive bacterial strain that was motile by gliding and produced a pink pigment, designated DCY49 ^T , was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in a mountainous region of Chungbuk province, South Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DCY49 ^T belonged to the genus Pedobacter (93.0–96.3 % similarity). Strain DCY49 ^T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (containing C _{16 : 1} 7 c , C _{16 : 1} 6 c and/or iso-C _{15 : 0} 2-OH), iso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH and C _{16 : 0} , and the main polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain DCY49 ^T was 40.5 mol%. Strain DCY49 ^T differed from related Pedobacter species by a number of phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of data from the present polyphasic study, strain DCY49 ^T is described as representing a novel species of the genus Pedobacter , for which the name Pedobacter ginsengiterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCY49 ^T ( = KCTC 23317 ^T = JCM 17338 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.036376-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.036376-0
  
• Nocardioides albertanoniae sp. nov., isolated from Roman catacombs [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  A Gram-reaction-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod- or coccoid-shaped, strain, CD40127 ^T , was isolated from a green biofilm covering the wall of the Domitilla Catacombs in Rome, Italy. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CD40127 ^T belongs to the genus Nocardioides , closely related to Nocardioides luteus DSM 43366 ^T and Nocardioides albus DSM 43109 ^T with 98.86 % and 98.01 % similarity values, respectively. Strain CD40127 ^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values below 96.29 % with the rest of the species of the genus Nocardioides . The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.7 mol%. The predominant fatty acid was iso-C _{16 : 0} and the major menaquinone was MK-8(H ₄ ) in accordance with the phenotypes of other species of the genus Nocardioides . A polyphasic approach using physiological tests, fatty acid profiles, DNA base ratios and DNA–DNA hybridization showed that isolate CD40127 ^T represents a novel species within the genus Nocardioides , for which the name Nocardioides albertanoniae is proposed. The type strain is CD40127 ^T ( = DSM 25218 ^T = CECT 8014 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043885-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043885-0
  
• Massilia yuzhufengensis sp. nov., isolated from an ice core [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, motile bacterium, strain Y1243-1 ^T , was isolated from an ice core drilled from Yuzhufeng Glacier, Tibetan Plateau, China. Cells had polar flagella. The novel strain shared 94.7–97.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strains of species of the genus Massilia . The novel isolate is thus classified in the genus Massilia . The major fatty acids of strain Y1243-1 ^T were summed feature 3 (C _{16 : 1} 7 c and/or iso-C _{15 : 0} 2-OH) (43.98 %), C _{16 : 0} (27.86 %), C _{10 : 0} 3-OH (7.10 %), C _{18 : 0} (6.95 %) and C _{18 : 1} 7 c (5.01 %). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C content of strain Y1243-1 ^T was 65.7 mol% ( T _m ). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. A number of phenotypic characteristics distinguished the novel isolate from the type strains of recognized Massilia species. Furthermore, in DNA–DNA hybridization tests, strain Y1243-1 ^T shared 45 % relatedness with its closest phylogenetic relative, Massilia consociata CCUG 58010 ^T . From the genotypic and phenotypic data, it is evident that strain Y1243-1 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Massilia , for which the name Massilia yuzhufengensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Y1243-1 ^T ( = KACC 16569 ^T = CGMCC 1.12041 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042101-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042101-0
  
• Rudaeicoccus suwonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from the epidermal tissue of a root of a Phalaenopsis orchid [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  A bacterial strain, designated HOR6-4 ^T , was isolated from the epidermal tissue of a root of a Phalaenopsis orchid. Strain HOR6-4 ^T was characterized using a polyphasic approach. The cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile coccoids. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed a clear affiliation with the family Dermacoccaceae . Strain HOR6-4 ^T showed relatively low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (below 95.9 %) to type strains of species with validly published names, showing the highest sequence similarities to the type strains of Flexivirga alba (95.8 %) and Yimella lutea (95.5 %). The DNA G+C content of strain HOR6-4 ^T was 64.7 mol%. Strain HOR6-4 ^T had anteiso-C _{17 : 0} (19.3 %), 10-methyl C _{18 : 0} (tuberculostearic acid; 13.5 %) and 10-methyl C _{17 : 0} (11.7 %) as the major fatty acids and contained MK-8(H ₄ ) and MK-8(H ₆ ) as the predominant quinones. Polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, three aminophospholipids, two phospholipids and an aminolipid. The peptidoglycan type was A4α, with an l -Lys– l -Thr– d -Glu interpeptide bridge with a glycine residue bound to the alpha-carboxyl group of d -Glu in position 2 of the peptide subunit. Mycolic acids were not present. On the basis of comparative analysis of phenotypic and phylogenetic traits, strain HOR6-4 ^T is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus in the family Dermacoccaceae , for which the name Rudaeicoccus suwonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rudaeicoccus suwonensis is HOR6-4 ^T ( = KACC 12637 ^T = DSM 19560 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043455-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043455-0
  
• Sphingopyxis rigui sp. nov. and Sphingopyxis wooponensis sp. nov., isolated from wetland freshwater, and emended description of the genus Sphingopyxis [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  Two yellow-pigmented, Gram-reaction-negative strains, designated 01SU5-P ^T and 03SU3-P ^T , were isolated from the freshwater of Woopo wetland, Republic of Korea. Both strains were aerobic, non-motile and catalase-negative. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two isolates belong to the genus Sphingopyxis , showing the highest level of sequence similarity with respect to Sphingopyxis witflariensis W-50 ^T (95.4–95.7 %). The two novel isolates shared 99.4 % sequence similarity. DNA–DNA hybridization between the isolates and the type strain of S. witflariensis clearly suggested that strains 01SU5-P ^T and 03SU3-P ^T represent two separate novel species in the genus Sphingopyxis . The two strains displayed different fingerprints after PCR analysis using the repetitive primers BOX, ERIC and REP. Several phenotypic characteristics served to differentiate these two isolates from recognized members of the genus Sphingopyxis . The data from the polyphasic study presented here indicated that strains 01SU5-P ^T and 03SU3-P ^T should be classified as representing novel species in the genus Sphingopyxis , for which the names Sphingopyxis rigui sp. nov. and Sphingopyxis wooponensis sp. nov., respectively, are proposed. The type strain of Sphingopyxis rigui sp. nov. is 01SU5-P ^T ( = KCTC 23326 ^T = JCM 17509 ^T ) and the type strain of Sphingopyxis wooponensis sp. nov. is 03SU3-P ^T ( = KCTC 23340 ^T = JCM 17547 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044057-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044057-0
  
• Pedobacter luteus sp. nov., isolated from soil [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  Two strains of Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that were motile by gliding, N7d-4 ^T and B4a-b5, were isolated during a study of culturable bacteria in soil cultivated with potatoes. These isolates grew at 15–37 °C and at pH 6.5–7.0. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (iso-C _{15 : 0} 2-OH and/or C _{16 : 1} 7 c ), anteiso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH and iso-C _{17 : 1} 9 c . The major polar lipids were phosphatidyl- N -methylethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The strains contained d-18 : 0 and d-19 : 0 sphingosines. The DNA G+C contents of strains N7d-4 ^T and B4a-b5 were 48.5 and 46.9 mol% (HPLC), respectively. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains N7d-4 ^T and B4a-b5 were affiliated with Pedobacter species in the family Sphingobacteriaceae . Strains N7d-4 ^T and B4a-b5 shared 99.9 % sequence similarity, and the most closely related Pedobacter type strains were Pedobacter composti TR6-06 ^T (96.5 and 96.7 % sequence similarity, respectively), P. oryzae N7 ^T (95.4 and 95.6 %) and P. caeni LMG 22862 ^T (94.0 and 94.4 %). Phenotypic data and phylogenetic inference clearly distinguished the two isolates from other Pedobacter species. Based on these data, the isolates are considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pedobacter , for which the name Pedobacter luteus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is N7d-4 ^T ( = KCTC 22699 ^T = DSM 22385 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.033134-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.033134-0
  
• Paracoccus limosus sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge in a sewage treatment plant [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  Two strains of Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, coccus-shaped bacteria, designated NB88 ^T and LNB004, were isolated from activated sludge in the Mae-san sewage treatment plant in South Korea. They were characterized in a polyphasic taxonomic study based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic approaches. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strains NB88 ^T and LNB004 represented a novel subline within the genus Paracoccus in the family Rhodobacteraceae . According to 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strains NB88 ^T and LNB004 were indistinguishable and showed 94.5–97.6 % similarity to the type strains of other Paracoccus species. Strain NB88 ^T exhibited relatively high levels of DNA hybridization (84±3.5 %) with LNB004 and low hybridization values (<40 %) with type strains of other Paracoccus species. Both strains showed chemotaxonomic characteristics typical of the genus Paracoccus , with Q-10 as the predominant respiratory quinone and C _{18 : 1} 7 c as the major fatty acid, and both strains accumulated poly-β-hydroxybutyrate granules. The DNA G+C contents of strains NB88 ^T and LNB004 were 66.4 and 65.1 mol%, respectively. The polar lipid profiles of strains NB88 ^T and LNB004 included major amounts of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and an unknown aminolipid. The taxonomic position of strains NB88 ^T and LNB004 was clarified by the low level of DNA–DNA hybridization with closely related strains and the strains could be distinguished from other recognized species by using biochemical tests and molecular genetic analysis. On the basis of their phenotypic and genotypic properties and their phylogenetic distinctiveness, strains NB88 ^T and LNB004 should be classified in a novel species of the genus Paracoccus , for which the name Paracoccus limosus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NB88 ^T ( = KEMC 5401-184 ^T = JCM 17370 ^T ); strain LNB004 ( = KEMC 5401-001) is a reference strain.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.035212-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.035212-0
  
• Salimesophilobacter vulgaris gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium isolated from paper-mill wastewater [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  A novel anaerobic, heterotrophic bacterium, designated strain Zn2 ^T , was isolated from the wastewater of a paper mill in Zhejiang, China. Cells were Gram-type-positive rods, 0.5–0.8 µm wide and 2–4 µm long, and were motile by a lateral flagellum. The ranges of temperature and pH for growth were 10–50 °C and pH 6.0–9.5. Optimal growth occurred at 35 °C and pH 7.3–7.5. The strain did not require NaCl for growth, but its inclusion in the medium improved growth (optimum concentration 6 %). Substrates utilized as sole carbon sources were peptone, tryptone, Casamino acids, d -xylose, salicin, glycerol, formate, acetate and propionate. The main products of carbohydrate fermentation were acetate, formate, propionate and lactate. Elemental sulfur, thiosulfate and Fe(III) were used as electron acceptors, but sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, nitrite and Mn(IV) were not. Growth was inhibited by the addition of 10 µg ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline or chloramphenicol ml ^–1 . iso-C _{15 : 0} , C _{14 : 0} , C _{16 : 0} , C _{16 : 1} cis 9 and C _{18 : 1} cis 9 were the major fatty acids. Strain Zn2 ^T did not contain any detectable menaquinones or ubiquinones. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, two unknown phospholipids and four unknown glycolipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 37 mol%, as determined by HPLC. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain Zn2 ^T was a member of family Clostridiaceae , and was most closely related to the type strains of Geosporobacter subterraneus , Thermotalea metallivorans and Caminicella sporogenes , showing 91.2, 90.3 and 91.1 % sequence similarity, respectively. On the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain Zn2 ^T is suggested to represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Salimesophilobacter vulgaris gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Salimesophilobacter vulgaris is Zn2 ^T ( = DSM 24770 ^T = JCM 17796 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.040915-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.040915-0
  
• Neisseria oralis sp. nov., isolated from healthy gingival plaque and clinical samples [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A polyphasic analysis was undertaken of seven independent isolates of Gram-negative cocci collected from pathological clinical samples from New York, Louisiana, Florida and Illinois and healthy subgingival plaque from a patient in Virginia, USA. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity among these isolates was 99.7–100 %, and the closest species with a validly published name was Neisseria lactamica (96.9 % similarity to the type strain). DNA–DNA hybridization confirmed that these isolates are of the same species and are distinct from their nearest phylogenetic neighbour, N. lactamica . Phylogenetic analysis of 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the novel species belongs in the genus Neisseria . The predominant cellular fatty acids were C _{16 : 0} , summed feature 3 (C _{16 : 1} 7 c and/or iso-C _{15 : 0} 2-OH) and C _{18 : 1} 7 c . The cellular fatty acid profile, together with other phenotypic characters, further supports the inclusion of the novel species in the genus Neisseria . The name Neisseria oralis sp. nov. (type strain 6332 ^T = DSM 25276 ^T = LMG 26725 ^T ) is proposed.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041731-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041731-0
  
• Mariniflexile jejuense sp. nov., isolated from the junction between seawater and a freshwater spring, and emended description of the genus Mariniflexile [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, motile-by-gliding rod, designated SSK2-3 ^T , was isolated from the junction between seawater and a freshwater spring at Jeju island, South Korea. Strain SSK2-3 ^T grew optimally at 25–30 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SSK2-3 ^T clustered with type strains of species of the genus Mariniflexile , with which it exhibited 97.2–97.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Sequence similarity between the isolate and the other strains used in the phylogenetic analysis was <95.6 %. Strain SSK2-3 ^T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{15 : 1} G and C _{15 : 0} as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain SSK2-3 ^T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain SSK2-3 ^T was 32.4 mol%. DNA–DNA relatedness between the isolate and Mariniflexile gromovii KCTC 12570 ^T , Mariniflexile fucanivorans DSM 18792 ^T and Mariniflexile aquimaris HWR-17 ^T was 19, 15 and 20 %, respectively. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain SSK2-3 ^T is separate from other members of the genus Mariniflexile . On the basis of the data presented, strain SSK2-3 ^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mariniflexile , for which the name Mariniflexile jejuense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SSK2-3 ^T ( = KCTC 23958 ^T = CCUG 62414 ^T ). An emended description of the genus Mariniflexile is given.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042796-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042796-0
  
• Microbulbifer gwangyangensis sp. nov. and Microbulbifer pacificus sp. nov., isolated from marine environments [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  Two novel Gram-stain-negative, chemoheterotrophic and strictly aerobic bacteria, strains GY2 ^T and SPO729 ^T , were isolated from a tidal flat at Gwangyang Bay in Korea and a marine sponge sample from the Pacific Ocean, respectively. The two strains were halotolerant, catalase- and oxidase-positive, and non-motile rods. Optimum temperature and pH for growth of both strains were observed to be 35 °C and pH 7.0–7.5, but optimum salinity for strain SPO729 ^T [2–3 % (w/v)] was slightly higher than that for strain GY2 ^T (1–2 %). The major cellular fatty acids of both strains were C _{16 : 0} , iso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{17 : 0} , iso-C _{17 : 1} 9 c , C _{18 : 1} 7 c , iso-C _{11 : 0} and iso-C _{11 : 0} 3-OH. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains GY2 ^T and SPO729 ^T were 55.1 and 57.9 mol%, respectively, and ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) was detected as the sole respiratory quinone from the two strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains GY2 ^T and SPO729 ^T formed tight phyletic lineages with members of the genus Microbulbifer . Strain GY2 ^T was closely related to Microbulbifer okinawensis ABABA23 ^T (98.2 %), strain SPO729 ^T (98.0 %) and Microbulbifer donghaiensis CN85 ^T (97.0 %); strain SPO729 ^T was closely related to M. okinawensis ABABA23 ^T (98.3 %) and M. donghaiensis CN85 ^T (98.2 %). The DNA–DNA relatedness values of strain GY2 ^T with M. okinawensis ABABA23 ^T , strain SPO729 ^T and M. donghaiensis CN85 ^T were 40.0±2.1 %, 13.1±3.9 % and 16.2±5.8 %, respectively, whereas those of strain SPO729 ^T with M. okinawensis ABABA23 ^T and M. donghaiensis CN85 ^T were 48.0±4.0 % and 34.6±9.3 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic and molecular features, it is concluded that the two strains GY2 ^T and SPO729 ^T represent two novel species of the genus Microbulbifer , for which the names Microbulbifer gwangyangensis sp. nov. and Microbulbifer pacificus are proposed; the type strains are GY2 ^T ( = KACC 16189 ^T = JCM 17800 ^T ) and SPO729 ^T ( = KCCM 42667 ^T = JCM 14507 ^T ), respectively.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042606-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042606-0
  
• Description of Sphingorhabdus planktonica gen. nov., sp. nov. and reclassification of three related members of the genus Sphingopyxis in the genus Sphingorhabdus gen. nov. [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A previously undescribed aerobic, non-sporulating bacterium, strain G1A_585 ^T , was isolated from an oligotrophic freshwater lake in Bavaria, Germany. The rod-shaped cells were Gram-stain-negative and non-motile. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain G1A_585 ^T was a member of the family Sphingomonadaceae and shared <95.2 % similarity with type strains of all members of the most closely related genus, Sphingopyxis . Phyogenetically, the isolate shared a root with strains of three marine species, Sphingopyxis flavimaris DSM 16223 ^T , Sphingopyxis marina DSM 22363 ^T and Sphingopyxis litoris DSM 22379 ^T . The polar lipids of strain G1A_585 ^T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingoglycolipids, three glycolipids and one unknown lipid. Ubiquinone-10 was the dominant quinone (93.1 %) and ubiquinone-9 (6.5 %) was also detected. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C _{18 : 1} 7 c and/or C _{18 : 1} 6 c ; 38.2 %); C _{16 : 1} 7 c (33.6 %) and C _{14 : 0} 2-OH (17.8 %). The major polyamine was spermidine and traces of 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine and spermine were also detected. The DNA G+C content of strain G1A_585 ^T was 55.7 mol% and the isolate was oxidase- and catalase-positive. Based on the phylogenetic relationship, the low DNA G+C content compared with most other members of the genus Sphingopyxis and the presence of signature nucleotides in the 16S rRNA gene sequence, a novel species in a new genus and species, Sphingorhabdus planktonica gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed; the type strain of Sphingorhabdus planktonica is G1A_585 ^T ( = DSM 25081 ^T = LMG 26646 ^T ). Because Sphingopyxis flavimaris DSM 16223 ^T , Sphingopyxis marina DSM 22363 ^T and Sphingopyxis litoris DSM 22379 ^T form a phylogenetic group together with strain G1A_585 ^T that is clearly separated from all other known Sphingopyxis strains and share signature nucleotides, these three Sphingopyxis strains are reclassified as members of the proposed novel genus Sphingorhabdus : Sphingorhabdus flavimaris comb. nov. (type strain SW-151 ^T = DSM 16223 ^T = KCTC 12232 ^T ), Sphingorhabdus marina comb. nov. (type strain FR1087 ^T = DSM 22363 ^T = IMSNU 14132 ^T = KCTC 12763 ^T = JCM 14161 ^T ) and Sphingorhabdus litoris comb. nov. (type strain FR1093 ^T = DSM 22379 ^T = IMSNU 14133 ^T = KCTC 12764 ^T = JCM 14162 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043133-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043133-0
  
• Stappia taiwanensis sp. nov., isolated from a coastal thermal spring [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A beige-coloured, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile moderately thermotolerant, rod-shaped organism, strain CC-SPIO-10-1 ^T , was isolated from a coastal hot spring of Green Island (Lutao), located off Taituang, Taiwan, on Marine Agar 2216. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, this organism was grouped into the genus Stappia , showing 98.3 % sequence similarity to Stappia indica B106 ^T and 98.2 % gene sequence similarity to Stappia stellulata IAM 12621 ^T . Ubiquinone Q-10 was the major respiratory quinone and C _{18 : 1} 7 c and C _{18 : 1} 7 c 11-methyl were detected as the major fatty acids. The hydroxylated fatty acid C _{18 : 0} 3-OH was detected as well. Predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified aminolipid AL1 and unidentified phospholipid PL1. Minor amounts of several unidentified lipids (PL2 and L1–L7) were present as well. The polyamine pattern contained the major compounds spermidine and spermine. Strain CC-SPIO-10-1 ^T could be differentiated from the type strains of S. stellulata and S. indica by a set of biochemical tests. On the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and the chemotaxonomic and physiological data, it is concluded that strain CC-SPIO-10 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Stappia for which the name Stappia taiwanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-SPIO-10 ^T ( = CCUG 59208 ^T = LMG 25538 ^T = CCM 7757 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044966-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044966-0
  
• Lactobacillus kimchiensis sp. nov., isolated from a fermented food [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  A novel bacterium was isolated from a traditional fermented food, kimchi. The morphology, physiology, biochemical properties and 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain L133 ^T were studied. Strain L133 ^T was Gram-reaction-positive, catalase-negative and homofermentative, with rod-shaped cells that formed cream colonies. Cells grew in the presence of 0–5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1–2 %), at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–8.0) and at 15–37 °C (optimum, 25 °C). Comparative 16S rRNA gene and pheS sequence analysis of strain L133 ^T indicated that the strain belonged to the genus Lactobacillus . The major fatty acids were identified as C _{18 : 1} 9 c , C _{16 : 0} and C _{18 : 0} , and the cell wall contained peptidoglycan of the l -Lys– d -Asp type. DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain L133 ^T and related species were below 11±0.4 %. The DNA G+C content of strain L133 ^T was 35.7 mol%. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, as well as physiological and biochemical tests, identified genotypic and phenotypic differences between strain L133 ^T and other species of the genus Lactobacillus . Based on these analyses, strain L133 ^T is proposed to be a novel species of the genus Lactobacillus , named Lactobacillus kimchiensis. The type strain is L133 ^T ( = KACC 15533 ^T = JCM 17702 ^T = DSM 24716 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.037572-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.037572-0
  
• Pseudenhygromyxa salsuginis gen. nov., sp. nov., a myxobacterium isolated from an estuarine marsh [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A myxobacterial strain, designated SYR-2 ^T , was obtained from a mud sample from an estuarine marsh alongside the Yoshino River, Shikoku, Japan. It had rod-shaped vegetative cells and formed bacteriolytic enlarging colonies or so-called ‘swarms’ in the agar media. Fruiting-body-like globular to polyhedral cell aggregates and myxospore-like spherical to ellipsoidal cells within them were observed. Those features coincided with the general characteristics of myxobacteria. The strain was mesophilic and strictly aerobic. Growth of SYR-2 ^T was observed at 18–40 °C (optimum, 30–35 °C), pH 5.5–8.3 (optimum, pH 7.0–7.5) and with 0.0–2.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.2–1.0 %). Both Mg ²⁺ and Ca ²⁺ were essential cations for the growth. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} (43.8 %), iso-C _{17 : 0} (22.4 %) and iso-C _{16 : 0} (9.6 %). A C _{20 : 4} fatty acid [arachidonic acid (4.3 %)], iso-C _{19 : 0} (1.5 %) and anteiso-acids [ai-C _{15 : 0} (0.5 %), ai-C _{17 : 0} (0.3 %)] were also detected. The G+C content of the DNA was 69.7 mol%. The strain contained menaquinone-7 (MK-7) as the major respiratory quinone. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SYR-2 ^T belonged to the suborder Nannocystineae , order Myxococcales in the class Deltaproteobacteria , and the strain was most closely related to two type strains of marine myxobacteria, Enhygromyxa salina SHK-1 ^T and Plesiocystis pacifica SIR-1 ^T , with 96.5 % and 96.0 % similarities, respectively. These characteristics determined in this polyphasic study suggested that strain SYR-2 ^T represents a novel species in a new genus of myxobacteria. The name Pseudenhygromyxa salsuginis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate this isolate, and the type strain of Pseudenhygromyxa salsuginis is SYR-2 ^T ( = NBRC 104351 ^T = DSM 21377 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.040501-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.040501-0
  
• Carnobacterium iners sp. nov., a psychrophilic, lactic acid-producing bacterium from the littoral zone of an Antarctic pond [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  Two lactic acid-producing, Gram-stain-positive rods were isolated from a microbial mat actively growing in the littoral zone of an Antarctic lake (Forlidas Pond) in the Pensacola mountains and studied using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The isolates were examined by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, multilocus sequence analysis of pheS , rpoA and atpA , and biochemical and genotypic characteristics. One strain, designated LMG 26641, belonged to Carnobacterium alterfunditum and the other strain, designated LMG 26642 ^T , could be assigned to a novel species, with Carnobacterium funditum DSM 5970 ^T as its closest phylogenetic neighbour (99.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Carnobacterium iners sp. nov. could be distinguished biochemically from other members of the genus Carnobacterium by the lack of acid production from carbohydrates. DNA–DNA relatedness confirmed that strain LMG 26642 ^T represented a novel species, for which we propose the name Carnobacterium iners sp. nov. (type strain is LMG 26642 ^T = CCUG 62000 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042861-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042861-0
  
• Phylogenetic analysis identifies a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae'-related strain associated with yellow leaf disease of areca palm (Areca catechu L.) in India [NEW TAXA: Other Bacteria]
  Yellow leaf disease (YLD) with phytoplasmal aetiology is a serious disease of arecanut palm in India. The present study was undertaken to characterize the 16S rRNA and secA gene sequences of the Indian arecanut YLD phytoplasma for ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma ’ species assignment and 16Sr group/subgroup classification. Phytoplasma 16S rRNA genes were amplified using three sets of semi-nested/nested primers, 1F7/7R3–1F7/7R2, 4Fwd/3Rev–4Fwd/5Rev and P1/P7–R16F2n/R16R2, producing amplicons of 491, 1150 and 1250 bp, respectively, from diseased samples. The amplicons were cloned and sequenced. A blast search showed that the sequences had 99 % similarity with sugar cane white leaf phytoplasma (16SrXI) and Napier grass stunt phytoplasma (16SrXI). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene revealed the clustering of YLD phytoplasma with the rice yellow dwarf and Bermuda grass white leaf groups. The YLD phytoplasma F2nR2 sequence shared 97.5 % identity with that of ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae ’ and 97.8 % identity with that of ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis ’. Hence, for finer differentiation, we examined the secA gene-based phylogeny, where the YLD phytoplasma clustered with Napier grass stunt and sugar cane grassy shoot phytoplasmas, both belonging to the rice yellow dwarf group. Hence, we are assigning the Indian arecanut YLD phytoplasma as a ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae ’-related strain. Virtual RFLP analysis of a 1.2 kb fragment of the 16S rRNA gene (F2nR2 region) identified the Indian arecanut YLD phytoplasma as a member of 16SrXI-B subgroup. We name the phytoplasma Indian yellow leaf disease phytoplasma, to differentiate it from the Hainan YLD phytoplasma, which belongs to group 16SrI.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043315-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043315-0
  
• Mycobacterium iranicum sp. nov., a rapidly growing scotochromogenic species isolated from clinical specimens on three different continents [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  The isolation and characterization of a novel, rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacterial species is reported. Eight independent strains were isolated from clinical specimens from six different countries of the world, two in Iran, two in Italy and one in each of following countries: Greece, the Netherlands, Sweden and the USA. Interestingly, two of the strains were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid. The strains were characterized by rapid growth and presented orange-pigmented scotochromogenic colonies. DNA-based analysis revealed unique sequences in the four regions investigated: the 16S rRNA gene, the rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer 1 and the genes encoding the 65 kDa heat-shock protein and the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase. The phylogenetic analysis placed the strains among the rapidly growing mycobacteria, being most closely related to Mycobacterium gilvum . The genotypic and phenotypic data both strongly supported the inclusion of the strains investigated here as members of a novel species within the genus Mycobacterium ; the name Mycobacterium iranicum sp. nov. is proposed to indicate the isolation in Iran of the first recognized strains. The type strain is M05 ^T ( = DSM 45541 ^T = CCUG 62053 ^T = JCM 17461 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043562-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043562-0
  
• Loktanella cinnabarina sp. nov., isolated from a deep subseafloor sediment, and emended description of the genus Loktanella [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic and salt-tolerant bacterium, designated strain LL-001 ^T , was isolated from a deep subseafloor sediment in Japanese waters. Cells were non-motile rods and colonies were smooth, convex, circular and vermilion. The conditions for growth were 15–35 °C, pH 5.5–7.5 and 1–8 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that strain LL-001 ^T belonged to the genus Loktanella within the family Rhodobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria . 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain LL-001 ^T and members of the genus Loktanella was 94.5–98.5 %; the highest sequence similarity was with Loktanella hongkongensis UST950701-009P ^T . DNA–DNA relatedness between strain LL-001 ^T and L. hongkongensis UST950701-009P ^T was 41.5–43.6 %. The DNA G+C content of strain LL-001 ^T was 69.3 mol%. On the basis of biochemical features and 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, strain LL-001 ^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Loktanella , for which the name Loktanella cinnabarina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LL-001 ^T ( = JCM 18161 ^T = CECT 8072 ^T ). The description of the genus Loktanella is also emended.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043174-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043174-0
  
• Caloramator quimbayensis sp. nov., an anaerobic, moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a terrestrial hot spring [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  An anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, terminal-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain USBA A ^T , was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring located at an altitude of 2683 m in the Andean region of Colombia (04° 50' 14.0'' N 75° 32' 53.4'' W). Cells of strain USBA A ^T were Gram-stain-positive, straight to slightly curved rods (0.9 x 2.5 µm), that were arranged singly or in pairs, and were motile by means of flagella. Growth occurred at 37–55 °C and pH 6.0–8.0, with a doubling time of 2 h under the optimal conditions (50 °C and pH 7.0). Glucose fermentation in strain USBA A ^T required yeast extract or peptone (each at 0.2 %, w/v). The novel strain fermented sugars, amino acids, Casamino acids, propanol, propionate, starch and dextrin, but no growth was observed on galactose, lactose, xylose, histidine, serine, threonine, benzoate, butyrate, lactate, pyruvate, succinate, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, casein, gelatin or xylan. The end products of glucose fermentation were formate, acetate, ethanol and lactate. Strain USBA A ^T did not grow autotrophically (with CO ₂ as carbon source and H ₂ as electron donor) and did not reduce thiosulfate, sulfate, elemental sulfur, sulfite, vanadium (V) or Fe (III) citrate. Growth of strain USBA A ^T was inhibited by ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, penicillin and streptomycin (each at 10 µg ml ^–1 ). The predominant fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} , C _{16 : 0} and iso-C _{17 : 0} and the genomic DNA G+C content was 32.6 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain USBA A ^T belonged in the phylum Firmicutes and that its closest relative was Caloramator viterbiensis JW/MS-VS5 ^T (95.0 % sequence similarity). A DNA–DNA relatedness value of only 30 % was recorded in hybridization experiments between strain USBA A ^T and Caloramator viterbiensis DSM 13723 ^T . Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence and the results of the DNA–DNA hybridization experiments, strain USBA A ^T represents a novel species of the genus Caloramator , for which the name Caloramator quimbayensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is USBA A ^T ( = CMPUJ U833 ^T = DSM 22093 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.037937-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.037937-0
  
• Lysinimonas soli gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from soil, and reclassification of Leifsonia kribbensis Dastager et al. 2009 as Lysinimonas kribbensis sp. nov., comb. nov. [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  A Gram-stain-positive, non-motile rod, designated strain SGM3-12 ^T , was isolated from paddy soil in Suwon, Republic of Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain represented a novel member of the family Microbacteriaceae . The nearest phylogenetic neighbour was Leifsonia kribbensis MSL-13 ^T (97.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Strain SGM3-12 ^T and Leifsonia kribbensis MSL-13 ^T formed a distinct cluster within the family Microbacteriaceae . Strain SGM3-12 ^T contained MK-12(H ₂ ) and MK-11(H ₂ ) as the predominant menaquinones with moderate amounts of MK-12 and MK-11; anteiso-C _{15 : 0} and iso-C _{16 : 0} as the major cellular fatty acids (>10 % of total); and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified glycolipids as the polar lipids. The peptidoglycan type of the isolate was B1 with l -Lys as the diagnostic cell-wall diamino acid. On the basis of these results, strain SGM3-12 ^T represents a novel species within a new genus, for which the name Lysinimonas soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed (the type strain of the type species is SGM3-12 ^T = KACC 13362 ^T = NBRC 107106 ^T ). It is also proposed that Leifsonia kribbensis be transferred to this genus as Lysinimonas kribbensis comb. nov. (the type strain is MSL-13 ^T = DSM 19272 ^T = JCM 16015 ^T = KACC 21108 ^T = KCTC 19267 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042945-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042945-0
  
• Humitalea rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacterium of the family Acetobacteraceae isolated from soil [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A Gram-staining-negative, pale-pink-pigmented, non-motile, obligately aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain W37 ^T , was isolated from soil and subjected to a taxonomic investigation using a polyphasic approach. The strain grew at 1–30 °C, oxidized thiosulfate and accumulated polyhydroxyalkanoates. Photosynthetic pigments were represented by bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain W37 ^T was most closely related to members of the genera Roseococcus and Rubritepida (with sequence similarities of <92.8 %) but formed a distinct lineage in the family Acetobacteraceae . The polar lipid profile comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, three unidentified aminolipids and one other unidentified lipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C _{18 : 1} 7 c and summed feature 3 (C _{16 : 1} 7 c and/or iso-C _{15 : 0} 2-OH). The DNA G+C content of strain W37 ^T was 68.2 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, strain W37 ^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Acetobacteraceae , for which the name Humitalea rosea gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is W37 ^T ( = CIP 110261 ^T = LMG 26243 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043018-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043018-0
  
• Weissella oryzae sp. nov., isolated from fermented rice grains [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  A taxonomic study was conducted on two Gram-reaction-positive, catalase-negative, irregular short-rod-shaped or coccoid lactic acid bacteria, designated strains SG25 ^T and SG23, that were isolated from grains of fermented Japanese rice ( Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica ). A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data clearly showed that the strains belonged to the genus Weissella and were most closely related to Weissella soli LMG 20113 ^T (with a sequence similarity of 96.9 % for each novel strain). The peptidoglycan of each strain contained the amino acids glutamic acid, lysine, serine and alanine in a molar ratio of 1.0 : 1.2 : 0.5 : 3.0, respectively. On the basis of the unusual phenotypic characteristics of the novel strains and the low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness recorded between each novel strain and Weissella soli JCM 12536 ^T , strains SG25 ^T and SG23 represent a single novel species in the genus Weissella , for which the name Weissella oryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SG25 ^T ( = JCM 18191 ^T = DSM 25784 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043612-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043612-0
  
• Erythrobacter jejuensis sp. nov., isolated from seawater [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A Gram-staining-negative, yellow-pigmented, non-motile, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CNU001 ^T , was isolated from seawater collected on the coast of Jeju Island, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The temperature, pH and NaCl ranges for growth were 10–30 °C, pH 6.0–10.0 and 2.0–5.0 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CNU001 ^T belonged to the genus Erythrobacter in the family Erythrobacteraceae , with Erythrobacter longus DSM 6997 ^T (96.6 % sequence similarity), Erythrobacter gaetbuli SW-161 ^T (96.3 %), Erythrobacter vulgaris 022 2-10 ^T (96.2 %), Erythrobacter nanhaisediminis T30 ^T (96.1 %) and other members of the genus Erythrobacter (<96.0 %) identified as the novel strain’s closest relatives . The major cellular fatty acids were C _{18 : 1} 7 c and C _{17 : 1} 6 c . The polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one sphingoglycolipid, one unidentified aminolipid and six other unidentified lipids. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 (UQ-10) and the genomic DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 58.9 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain CNU001 ^T represents a novel species within the genus Erythrobacter , for which the name Erythrobacter jejuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CNU001 ^T ( = KCTC 23090 ^T = JCM 16677 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.038349-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.038349-0
  
• Galbibacter marinus sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A taxonomic study was carried out on a novel bacterium, designated strain ck-I2-15 ^T , which was isolated from deep-sea sediment collected from the South-west Indian Ocean Ridge. Cells of strain ck-I2-15 ^T were Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, moderately halophilic and capable of denitrification. Growth was observed with 0–9 % (w/v) NaCl and at temperatures of 10–37 °C. The novel strain was unable to degrade gelatin. The dominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH and summed feature 9 (iso-C _{17 : 1} 9 c and/or 10-methyl C _{16 : 0} ). The major respiratory quinone was MK6 and the polar lipid profile comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified glycolipid and four other unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 38 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison indicated that strain ck-I2-15 ^T was most closely related to Galbibacter mesophilus Mok-17 ^T (92.9 % sequence similarity), followed by ‘ Joostella atrarenae ’ M1-2 (92.8 %), Joostella marina En5 ^T (92.7 %) and Zhouia amylolytica HN-171 ^T (91.6 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ck-I2-15 ^T formed a clade with the genus Galbibacter , within the family Flavobacteriaceae . Several phenotypic properties allowed strain ck-I2-15 ^T to be distinguished from its closest phylogenetic relatives. On the basis of the phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain ck-I2-15 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Galbibacter , for which the name Galbibacter marinus is proposed. The type strain is ck-I2-15 ^T ( = CCTCC AB 209062 ^T = LMG 25228 ^T = MCCC 1A03044 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044305-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044305-0
  
• Cecembia calidifontis sp. nov., isolated from a hot spring runoff, and emended description of the genus Cecembia [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  Two red-pigmented isolates, designated RQ-33 ^T and TU-13, were recovered from hot spring runoffs on the Island of São Miguel in the Azores, Portugal. These organisms have an optimum growth temperature of approximately 45 °C and an optimum pH for growth between 7.5 and 8.5. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the novel isolates were most closely related to the type strain of Cecembia lonarensis at 96.4 % pairwise similarity. Cells of the two isolates were non-motile, rod-shaped, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, and oxidase- and catalase-positive. The major fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} and C _{15 : 0} , phosphatidylethanolamine was the major polar lipid, and menaquinone 7 was the major respiratory quinone. Based on phylogenetic analyses, and physiological and biochemical characteristics, these isolates from the Azores represent a novel species of the genus Cecembia for which the name Cecembia calidifontis is proposed with strain RQ-33 ^T ( = DSM 21411 ^T = LMG 24596 ^T ) as the type strain. The description of the genus Cecembia is also emended.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044537-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044537-0
  

  VOL 63 (2013)

• List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published [VALIDATION LIST NO. 151]
  The purpose of this announcement is to effect the valid publication of the following effectively published new names and new combinations under the procedure described in the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision). Authors and other individuals wishing to have new names and/or combinations included in future lists should send three copies of the pertinent reprint or photocopies thereof, or an electronic copy of the published paper, to the IJSEM Editorial Office for confirmation that all of the other requirements for valid publication have been met. It is also a requirement of IJSEM and the ICSP that authors of new species, new subspecies and new combinations provide evidence that types are deposited in two recognized culture collections in two different countries . It should be noted that the date of valid publication of these new names and combinations is the date of publication of this list, not the date of the original publication of the names and combinations. The authors of the new names and combinations are as given below, and these authors’ names will be included in the author index of the present issue. Inclusion of a name on these lists validates the publication of the name and thereby makes it available in the nomenclature of prokaryotes. The inclusion of a name on this list is not to be construed as taxonomic acceptance of the taxon to which the name is applied. Indeed, some of these names may, in time, be shown to be synonyms, or the organisms may be transferred to another genus, thus necessitating the creation of a new combination.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.052571-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.052571-0
  
• Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 63, part 2, of the IJSEM [NOTIFICATION LIST]
  This listing of names published in a previous issue of the IJSEM is provided as a service to bacteriology to assist in the recognition of new names and new combinations. This procedure was proposed by the Judicial Commission [Minute 11(ii), Int J Syst Bacteriol 41 (1991), p. 185]. The names given herein are listed according to the Rules of priority (i.e. page number and order of valid publication of names in the original articles). Taxonomic opinions included in this List (i.e. the creation of synonyms or the emendation of circumscriptions) cannot be considered as validly published nor, in any other way, approved by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes and its Judicial Commission.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.051771-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.051771-0
  
• Sphingobacterium thermophilum sp. nov., of the phylum Bacteroidetes, isolated from compost [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A Gram-negative bacterium, designated CKTN2 ^T , was isolated from compost. Cells of strain CKTN2 ^T were strictly aerobic rods. The isolate grew at 20–50 °C (optimum 40–45 °C), but not below 15 °C or above 52 °C, and at pH 5.9–8.8 (optimum pH 7.0), but not below pH 5.4 or above pH 9.3. The DNA G+C content was 40.3 mol%. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} (45.2 %), iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH (11.1 %) and C _{18 : 0} (14.5 %). Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CKTN2 ^T revealed that it is a member of the genus Sphingobacterium and is most closely related to Sphingobacterium alimentarium DSM 22362 ^T (93.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Strain CKTN2 ^T could be distinguished from its closest phylogenetic relatives by different phenotypic characteristics. According to the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain CKTN2 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingobacterium , for which the name Sphingobacterium thermophilum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CKTN2 ^T ( = JCM 17858 ^T = KCTC 23708 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042481-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042481-0
  
• Epibacterium ulvae gen. nov., sp. nov., epibiotic bacteria isolated from the surface of a marine alga [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  Two Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacteria, designated strains U82 and U95 ^T , were isolated from the marine alga Ulva australis collected at Sharks Point, Clovelly, a rocky intertidal zone near Sydney, Australia. Both strains were oxidase- and catalase-positive, formed brown- to black-pigmented colonies and required NaCl for growth. Phylogenetic analysis based on nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that these strains belong to the Roseobacter clade within the Alphaproteobacteria . The 16S rRNA genes of both strains were identical across the sequenced 1326 nt, but showed differences in the intergenic spacer region (ITS) between the 16S and the 23S rRNA genes. At the genomic level the DNA G+C contents of strains U82 and U95 ^T were identical (52.6 mol%) and they had a DNA–DNA hybridization value of 83.7 %, suggesting that these strains belong to the same species. The closest described phylogenetic neighbour to strains U82 and U95 ^T was Thalassobius aestuarii DSM 15283 ^T with 95.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Other close relatives include further species of the genera Thalassobius and Shimia . Strains U82 and U95 ^T were negative for bacteriochlorophyll a production, showed antibacterial activity towards other marine bacteria, were resistant to the antibiotics gentamicin and spectinomycin and were unable to hydrolyse starch or gelatin. The major fatty acids (>1 %) were 18 : 17 c , 16 : 0, 18 : 2, 10 : 0 3-OH, 12 : 0, 20 : 1 2-OH and 18 : 0. The polar lipid pattern indicated the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified phospholipids. Both strains produced ubiquinone 10 (Q-10) as the sole respiratory lipoquinone. Based on their phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, it is suggested that strains U82 and U95 ^T are members of a novel species within a new genus for which the name Epibacterium ulvae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is U95 ^T ( = DSM 24752 ^T = LMG 26464 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042838-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042838-0
  
• Neiella marina gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A novel strain, designated J221 ^T , was isolated from the intestine of a sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus , collected from earthen ponds in Qingdao, China. The strain was Gram-negative, oxidase - positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile by means of one to several polar flagella. Growth of strain J221 ^T was observed at temperatures between 10 and 40 °C with optimum growth between 25 and 28 °C. The pH range for growth was 5.0 – 9.0 with optimum growth at pH 7.5–8.0. The dominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C _{16 : 1} 7 c and/or C _{16 : 1} 6 c, 29.04 %), C _{16 : 0} (28.93 %) and C _{18 : 1} 7 c (26.15 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Diphosphatidylglycerol, an unknown aminolipid and an unknown aminophospholipid were present in moderate to minor amounts in the polar lipid profile. Strain J221 ^T had Q-8 as the major respiratory quinone. The DNA G+C content of strain J221 ^T was 46.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain J221 ^T is a member of the Gammaproteobacteria . It formed a distinct phyletic line with less than 91 % sequence similarity to any species within previously recognized genera. On the basis of this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain J221 ^T should be classified as a representative of a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Neiella marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Neiella marina is J221 ^T ( = CGMCC 1.10130 ^T = NRRL B-51319 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043448-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043448-0
  
• Sunxiuqinia faeciviva sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic organoheterotroph of the Bacteroidetes isolated from deep subseafloor sediment [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A facultatively anaerobic organoheterotroph, designated JAM-BA0302 ^T , was isolated from a deep subseafloor sediment at a depth of 247.1 m below the seafloor off the Shimokita Peninsula of Japan in the north-western Pacific Ocean (Site C9001 , water depth 1180 m). Cells of strain JAM-BA0302 ^T showed gliding motility and were thin, long rods with peritrichous fimbriae-like structures. Growth occurred at 4–37 °C (optimum 30 °C; doubling time 8 h), at pH 5.4–8.3 (optimum pH 7.5) and with 5–60 g NaCl l ^–1 (optimum 20–25 g l ^–1 ). The isolate utilized proteinaceous substrates such as yeast extract, tryptone, casein and Casamino acids with O ₂ respiration or fermentation. Strain JAM-BA0302 ^T was a piezotolerant bacterium that could grow at pressures as high as 25 MPa under aerobic conditions and 10 MPa under anaerobic conditions. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 43.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain JAM-BA0302 ^T was most closely related to yet-undescribed strains recently isolated from various marine sedimentary environments (>99.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and was moderately related to Sunxiuqinia elliptica DQHS-4 ^T , isolated from a sea cucumber farm sediment (95.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) within the Bacteroidetes . The phylogenetic analysis suggested that the isolate should belong to the genus Sunxiuqinia . However, low DNA–DNA relatedness (<11 %) and many physiological and molecular properties differentiated the isolate from those previously described http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/nm.22746 . We propose here a novel species of the genus Sunxiuqinia , with the name Sunxiuqinia faeciviva sp. nov. The type strain is JAM-BA0302 ^T ( = JCM 15547 ^T = NCIMB 14481 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044065-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044065-0
  
• Olleya namhaensis sp. nov., isolated from wood falls, and emended description of the genus Olleya Mancuso Nichols et al. 2005 emend. Lee et al. 2010 [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, gliding, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated WT-MY15 ^T , was isolated from wood falls in the South Sea in Korea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain WT-MY15 ^T grew optimally at pH 7.0–8.0, at 25 °C and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain WT-MY15 ^T clustered with the type strains of two Olleya species, exhibiting 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.7–98.1 %. Strain WT-MY15 ^T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone. The fatty acid and polar lipid profiles of strain WT-MY15 ^T were similar to those of Olleya aquimaris L-4 ^T and Olleya marilimosa CIP 108537 ^T . The DNA G+C content of strain WT-MY15 ^T was 42.8 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with O. aquimaris L-4 ^T and O. marilimosa CIP 108537 ^T were 8.3 and 5.6 %, respectively. The phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic properties revealed that strain WT-MY15 ^T is separate from the two recognized species of the genus Olleya . On the basis of the data presented, strain WT-MY15 ^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Olleya , for which the name Olleya namhaensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WT-MY15 ^T ( = KCTC 23673 ^T = CCUG 61507 ^T ). An emended description of the genus Olleya is also presented.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044131-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044131-0
  
• Dyadobacter arcticus sp. nov., isolated from Arctic soil [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A psychrotolerant, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain R-S7-29 ^T , was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Svalbard Archipelago in Norway (78° N). Cells were non-motile, aerobic, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. Growth occurred at 4–28 °C (optimum, 18 °C). A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain R-S7-29 ^T belongs to the genus Dyadobacter (family ‘ Flexibacteraceae ’) with sequence similarity to related members of the genus ranging from 95.2 to 96.7 %. The major fatty acids were C _{16 : 1} 5 c , iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C _{16 : 1} 7 c and/or C _{16 : 1} 6 c ) and the predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content of strain R-S7-29 ^T was 50 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic properties, strain R-S7-29 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Dyadobacter , for which the name Dyadobacter arcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R-S7-29 ^T ( = CCTCC AB 2011022 ^T = NRRL B-59659 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044198-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044198-0
  
• Algoriphagus zhangzhouensis sp. nov., isolated from mangrove sediment [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A Gram-negative, short-rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium, strain 12C11 ^T , was isolated from an oil-degrading consortium, enriched from the Fugong mangrove sediment, Fujian Province of China. Optimum growth was observed at 25 °C, at pH 7.5 and with 4 % (w/v) NaCl. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that it shared highest similarity with members of the genus Algoriphagus (97.5–93.4 %), exhibiting 97.5 % sequence similarity to Algoriphagus ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014 ^T , followed by Algoriphagus vanfongensis KMM 6241 ^T (97.2 %); it shared <96.0 % sequence similarity with other members of the genus. Levels of nucleotide sequence similarity between gyrB (DNA gyrase subunit B) genes of strain 12C11 ^T and A. vanfongensis KMM 6241 ^T , A. ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014 ^T , Algoriphagus marincola SW-2 ^T and Algoriphagus hitonicola 7-UAH ^T were 78.8, 78.6, 75.6 and 77.4 %, respectively. Phylogenetic trees based on these housekeeping genes showed that strain 12C11 ^T and other Algoriphagus strains formed a distinct lineage. The dominant fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} (32.1 %), C _{16 : 1} 7 c /C _{16 : 1} 6 c (11.6 %), iso-C _{17 : 1} I/anteiso-C _{17 : 1} B (10.1 %), iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH (9.2 %) and iso-C _{17 : 1} 9 c /C _{16 : 0} 10-methyl (7.1 %), which accounted for 70.0 % of the total fatty acids. DNA–DNA hybridization showed that strain 12C11 ^T shared low DNA–DNA relatedness with A. vanfongensis KMM 6241 ^T and A. ornithinivorans IMSNU 14014 ^T (30.7±0.9 and 30.5±1.8 %, respectively). The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA of strain 12C11 ^T was 38.4 mol%. The major respiratory quinones were MK-7 (96.0 %) and MK-6 (4.0 %). According to its morphology, physiology, fatty acid composition and 16S rRNA gene sequence data, the novel strain most appropriately belongs to the genus Algoriphagus , but can readily be distinguished from known Algoriphagus species. The name Algoriphagus zhangzhouensis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain 12C11 ^T = CGMCC 1.11027 ^T = MCCC 1F01099 ^T = DSM 25035 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044271-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044271-0
  
• Arcticibacter svalbardensis gen. nov., sp. nov., of the family Sphingobacteriaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes, isolated from Arctic soil [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  In the course of a study aimed at isolating bacteria from Arctic soils by a method that selectively enriches for rare bioactive actinomycetes, a Gram-stain-negative, pigmented, non-motile rod, designated MN12-7 ^T , was isolated. The salmon-pink strain was, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, found to be affiliated with the family Sphingobacteriaceae . Strain MN12-7 ^T was catalase-, oxidase- and cellulase-positive and lacked gelatinase, urease, lipase and pectinase. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C _{16 : 1} 7 c and/or C _{16 : 1} 6 c ), iso-C _{15 : 0} and C _{15 : 1} 6 c . The major respiratory quinone of strain MN12-7 ^T was MK-7, and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine in addition to phosphatidylserine, seven unidentified lipids and six unidentified aminolipids. The DNA G+C content of strain MN12-7 ^T was 38 mol%. Strain MN12-7 ^T formed a separate lineage in a cluster containing ‘ Candidatus comitans’, with which it shared 92.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Based on the phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic inference, strain MN12-7 ^T is proposed as a representative of a novel species in a new genus, Arcticibacter svalbardensis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type species is MN12-7 ^T ( = KCTC 32015 ^T = CIP 110422 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044420-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044420-0
  
• Flavobacterium aciduliphilum sp. nov., isolated from freshwater, and emended description of the genus Flavobacterium [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated strain JJ013 ^T , was isolated from an artificial lake in Jeollabuk-do, South Korea, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JJ013 ^T indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae and exhibited similarity levels of 96.6 % to the type strains of Flavobacterium cheonanense and Flavobacterium koreense and 96.5 % to the type strain of Flavobacterium chungnamense . Growth was observed at 20–30 °C and pH 5.0–7.0. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel strain were iso-C _{15 : 0} (27.5 %), iso-C _{15 : 1} G (17.8 %), iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH (9.4 %) and iso-C _{15 : 0} 3-OH (9.2 %). Flexirubin-type pigments were present. The DNA G+C content of strain JJ013 ^T was 33.9 mol%, the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and the major polyamine was sym -homospermidine. The polar lipid profile of the strain JJ013 ^T consisted of a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two unknown aminolipids (AL1–2), three unidentified lipid (L1–3) and an unknown glycolipid (GL). On the basis of the morphological and physiological properties and biochemical evidence presented, it is concluded that strain JJ013 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium aciduliphilum sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is JJ013 ^T ( = KACC 16594 ^T = JCM 18211 ^T ). Since C _{15 : 0} , which is known as a predominant fatty acid of the genus Flavobacterium was not detected in the novel strain and other reference strains, we propose an emended description of the genus Flavobacterium .
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044495-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044495-0
  
• Nafulsella turpanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from soil [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped, gliding and pale-pink-pigmented bacterium, designated strain ZLM-10 ^T , was isolated from a soil sample collected from an arid area in Xinjiang province, China, and characterized in a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. The novel strain grew optimally at 30–37 °C and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) sea salts. The only respiratory quinone detected was MK-7 and the major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (iso-C _{15 : 0} 2-OH and/or C _{16 : 1} 7 c ), iso-C _{15 : 0} and iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The DNA G + C content was 45.4 mol%. Flexirubin-type pigments were not produced. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ZLM-10 ^T was a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes and appeared most closely related to Cesiribacter roseus 311 ^T (90.2 % sequence similarity), Marivirga sericea LMG 13021 ^T (89.2 %), Cesiribacter andamanensis AMV16 ^T (89.1 %) and Marivirga tractuosa DSM 4126 ^T (89.1 %). On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data and phylogenetic inference, strain ZLM-10 ^T should be classified as a novel species of a new genus in the family Flammeovirgaceae , for which the name Nafulsella turpanensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is ZLM-10 ^T ( = CCTCC AB 208222 ^T = KCTC 23983 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044651-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044651-0
  
• Winogradskyella psychrotolerans sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from Arctic sediment [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A novel Gram-negative, rod–coccus shaped, non-motile, strain, RS-3 ^T , was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the marine transect of Kongsfjorden, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Arctic. Colonies and broth cultures were yellowish in colour due to the presence of carotenoids. Strain RS-3 ^T was positive for oxidase, aesculinase, caseinase, gelatinase and urease activities and negative for amylase, catalase, lipase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, DNase and β-galactosidase activities. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} (18.0), anteiso-C _{15 : 0} (16.8), iso-C _{15 : 1} G (14.2), anteiso-C _{15 : 1} A (6.0) and iso-C _{15 : 0} 3-OH (6.8). Strain RS-3 ^T contained MK-6 (72.42 %) and MK-7 (27.58 %) as the major respiratory quinones and phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids make up the polar lipid composition. The DNA G+C content of strain RS-3 ^T was 34.7±1.2 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that Winogradskyella pacifica and Winogradskyella thalassocola are the most closely related species with sequence similarities to the type strains of these species of 98.5 and 97.7 %, respectively. However, DNA–DNA hybridization with Winogradskyella pacifica KCTC 22997 ^T and Winogradskyella thalassocola DSM 15363 ^T showed a relatedness of 22 and 42.5 % with respect to strain RS-3 ^T . Based on the DNA–DNA hybridization values, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic inference, strain RS-3 ^T is proposed as a novel species of the genus Winogradskyella , for which the name Winogradskyella psychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Winogradskyella psychrotolerans sp. nov. is RS-3 ^T ( = CIP 110154 ^T = NBRC 106169 ^T ). An emended description of the genus Winogradskyella is provided.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044669-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044669-0
  
• Flavobacterium fontis sp. nov., isolated from freshwater [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A taxonomic study was carried out on a novel bacterial strain, designated MIC3010 ^T , which was isolated from a freshwater pond in Jeonju, Republic of Korea. Cells of the isolate were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae , with Flavobacterium haoranii LQY-7 ^T as its closest relative, with a similarity of 94.2 %. The predominant fatty acids of strain MIC3010 ^T were iso-C _{15 : 1} G, iso-C _{15 : 0} and iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH. The polar lipid profile of strain MIC3010 ^T revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and one unidentified lipid (L1) as major components. In addition, two aminolipids (AL1, AL2) and one glycolipid were present in small amounts. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 41.0 mol%. The strain contained MK-6 as the major quinone and sym -homospermidine as the predominant polyamine. On the basis of the evidence presented, it is concluded that strain MIC3010 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium fontis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MIC3010 ^T ( = KACC 16593 ^T = JCM 18212 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.045203-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.045203-0
  
• Terrimonas pekingensis sp. nov., isolated from bulking sludge, and emended descriptions of the genus Terrimonas, Terrimonas ferruginea, Terrimonas lutea and Terrimonas aquatica [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile and non-spore-forming rod that produced white, viscous colonies, designated QH ^T , was isolated from bulking sludge collected from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain QH ^T belonged to the genus Terrimonas and shared 96.3 % sequence similarity with Terrimonas lutea DY ^T , 94.1 % with Terrimonas ferruginea ATCC 13524 ^T and 93.8 % with Terrimonas aquatica RIB1-6 ^T . Strain QH ^T contained iso-C _{15 : 0} , summed feature 3 (comprising one or more of C _{16 : 1} 7 c , C _{16 : 1} 6 c and iso-C _{15 : 0} 2-OH) and iso-C _{15 : 1} G as the predominant fatty acids. The predominant polar lipid of strain QH ^T and members of the genus Terrimonas was phosphatidylethanolamine. The major isoprenoid quinone of strain QH ^T was MK-7 and the DNA G+C content was 41.0 mol%. DNA–DNA relatedness between strain QH ^T and T. lutea BCRC 17944 ^T , T. ferruginea BCRC 17943 ^T and T. aquatica BCRC 17941 ^T was 32, 23 and 22 %, respectively. On the basis of phylogenetic inference, differential phenotypic data and low DNA–DNA relatedness with members of the genus Terrimonas , strain QH ^T represents a novel species, for which the name Terrimonas pekingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is QH ^T ( = CICC 10452 ^T = NCCB 100397 ^T ). The descriptions of the genus Terrimonas and T. ferruginea , T. lutea and T. aquatica are also emended.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.036848-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.036848-0
  
• Polaribacter porphyrae sp. nov., isolated from the red alga Porphyra yezoensis, and emended descriptions of the genus Polaribacter and two Polaribacter species [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  Three Gram-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic strains, designated LNM-20 ^T , LCM-1 and LAM-13, were isolated from thalli of the marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis . Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolates were associated with the genus Polaribacter in the family Flavobacteriaceae and were most closely related to Polaribacter dokdonensis DSW-5 ^T (96.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Polaribacter gangjinensis K17-16 ^T (95.0 %). The DNA G+C content of the isolates was 28.6–29.2 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization analysis showed that the isolates belonged to a single species distinct from both of their closest relatives. The only isoprenoid quinone detected was menaquinone-6. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{15 : 1} 10 c and iso-C _{15 : 0} 3-OH. The phenotypic features of strain LNM-20 ^T differed from those of their closest relatives in several regards (colony colour, growth with 1 % NaCl and on TSA plus 2.5 % NaCl, hydrolysis of Tweens 40 and 80, and oxidization of five carbon compounds). On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analysis, the isolates represent a novel species in the genus Polaribacter , for which the name Polaribacter porphyrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LNM-20 ^T ( = LMG 26671 ^T = NBRC 108759 ^T ). Emended descriptions of the genus Polaribacter and P. dokdonensis and P. gangjinensis are also proposed.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041434-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041434-0
  
• Neptunomonas qingdaonensis sp. nov., isolated from intertidal sand [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A Gram-negative, motile, aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive rod, designated P10-2-4 ^T , was isolated from an intertidal sand sample collected from a coastal area of Qingdao (Yellow Sea), China. The isolate reduced nitrate to nitrite and grew at 4–33 °C and with 0.5–12 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C _{16 : 1} 7 c and/or iso-C _{15 : 0} 2-OH), C _{18 : 1} 7 c and C _{16 : 0} . The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. The genomic DNA G+C content was 45.1 %. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain P10-2-4 ^T belonged to the genus Neptunomonas . The isolate shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98.1 %) with Neptunomonas japonica JAMM 0745 ^T and 96.9, 96.5 and 95.9 % sequence similarities with N. antarctica S3-22 ^T , N. concharum LHW37 ^T and N. naphthovorans NAG-2N-126 ^T , respectively, strains of the other three recognized species in the genus. DNA–DNA relatedness between strain P10-2-4 ^T and N. japonica JCM 14595 ^T was 35.6 %. Furthermore, strain P10-2-4 ^T could be distinguished from the representatives of the genus Neptunomonas by a combination of phenotypic characteristics, such as temperature and NaCl concentration for growth, nitrate reduction, DNase activity and assimilation of substrates. The data from this study suggests that strain P10-2-4 ^T represents a novel species in the genus Neptunomonas , for which the name Neptunomonas qingdaonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P10-2-4 ^T ( = CGMCC 1.10971 ^T = KCTC 23686 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041970-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041970-0
  
• Fulvitalea axinellae gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flammeovirgaceae isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Axinella verrucosa [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  The yellow-pigmented, non-motile, Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped bacterial strain VI.18 ^T was isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Axinella verrucosa collected off the coast near Sdot Yam, Israel. Results from 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Flammeovirgaceae . The highest nucleotide similarity (91.4 %) occurred with Aureibacter tunicatorum A5Q-118 ^T . The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain VI.18 ^T were iso-C _{15 : 0} (56.0 %), iso-C _{17 : 1} 9 c (22.8 %) and C _{16 : 0} (7.4 %) and its major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content was 47.5 mol%. The strain could readily be distinguished from its phylogenetically closest relatives by phenotypic, physiological and chemotaxonomic properties. On the basis of the data from the present polyphasic study, we propose a novel genus and species within the family Flammeovirgaceae , with the name Fulvitalea axinellae gen. nov., sp. nov. Strain VI.18 ^T ( = ATCC BAA-2395 ^T = LMG 26722 ^T ) is the type strain of Fulvitalea axinellae .
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044263-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044263-0
  
• Hirschia litorea sp. nov., isolated from seashore sediment, and emended description of the genus Hirschia [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, coccoid-, oval- or rod-shaped strain, designated M-M23 ^T , was isolated from seashore sediment at Geoje island, South Korea. Strain M-M23 ^T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain M-M23 ^T clustered with the type strains of the two species of the genus Hirschia , with which it exhibited 97.6–98.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Sequence similarity with the type strains of other recognized species was <90.8 %. Strain M-M23 ^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C _{18 : 1} 7 c and C _{16 : 0} as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain M-M23 ^T were phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain M-M23 ^T was 45.4 mol%. DNA–DNA relatedness between the isolate and Hirschia baltica DSM 5838 ^T and Hirschia maritima JCM 14974 ^T was 22±7.2 and 14±5.6 %, respectively. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain M-M23 ^T is separate from the other described members of the genus Hirschia . On the basis of the data presented, strain M-M23 ^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Hirschia , for which the name Hirschia litorea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M-M23 ^T ( = KCTC 32081 ^T = CCUG 62793 ^T ). An emended description of the genus Hirschia is also provided.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044297-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044297-0
  
• Xenorhabdus ishibashii sp. nov., isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema aciari [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus exhibit a mutualistic association with steinernematid entomopathogenic nematodes and a pathogenic relationship with insects. Here we describe two isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema aciari collected from China and Japan. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates obtained from S. aciari belonged to the genus Xenorhabdus . Multilocus sequence analysis based on five universal protein-coding gene sequences revealed that the isolates were closely related to Xenorhabdus ehlersii DSM 16337 ^T and Xenorhabdus griffiniae ID10 ^T but that they exhibited <97 % sequence similarity with these reference strains, which indicated that the isolates were distinct from previously described species. Based on these genetic differences and several differential phenotypic traits, we propose that the isolates represent a novel species of the genus Xenorhabdus , for which we propose the name Xenorhabdus ishibashii sp. nov. The type strain is GDh7 ^T ( = DSM 22670 ^T = CGMCC 1.9166 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041145-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041145-0
  
• Pseudofulvibacter geojedonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a polysaccharide-degrading member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater, and emended description of the genus Fulvibacter [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-gliding rod, designated YCS-9 ^T , was isolated from seawater in the South Sea, South Korea. Strain YCS-9 ^T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain YCS-9 ^T fell within the family Flavobacteriaceae and formed a cluster with Fulvibacter tottoriensis MTT-39 ^T with a bootstrap resampling value of 75.4 %. Strain YCS-9 ^T showed 92.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to F. tottoriensis MTT-39 ^T and 89.0–93.7 % sequence similarity to the other strains used in the phylogenetic analysis. Strain YCS-9 ^T contained MK-6 as the only menaquinone and iso-C _{15 : 1} G, iso-C _{15 : 0} and iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content was 34.2 mol%. Strain YCS-9 ^T could be differentiated from F. tottoriensis NBRC 102624 ^T by differences in fatty acid composition, polar lipid profile and some phenotypic properties. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain YCS-9 ^T represents a novel species in a new genus within the phylum Bacteroidetes , for which the name Pseudofulvibacter geojedonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Pseudofulvibacter geojedonensis is YCS-9 ^T ( = KCTC 23884 ^T = CCUG 62114 ^T ). An emended description of the genus Fulvibacter is also presented.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043513-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043513-0
  
• Aureimonas jatrophae sp. nov. and Aureimonas phyllosphaerae sp. nov., leaf-associated bacteria isolated from Jatropha curcas L. [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  Four orange-pigmented isolates, L7-456, L7-484 ^T , L9-479 and L9-753 ^T , originating from surface-sterilized leaf tissues of Jatropha curcas L. cultivars were characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that all four isolates belong to the genus Aureimonas . In these analyses, strain L7-484 ^T appeared to be most closely related to Aureimonas ureilytica 5715S-12 ^T (95.7 % sequence identity). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains L7-456, L9-479 and L9-753 ^T were found to be identical and also shared the highest similarity with A. ureilytica 5715S-12 ^T (97.5 %). Both L7-484 ^T and L9-753 ^T contained Q-10 and Q-9 as predominant ubiquinones and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and an aminophospholipid as the major polar lipids. C _{18 : 1} 7 c and C _{16 : 0} were the major fatty acids. Similar to other species in the genus Aureimonas , hydroxylated fatty acids (e.g. C _{18 : 1} 2-OH) and cyclic fatty acids (C _{19 : 0} cyclo 8 c ) were also present. The DNA G+C contents of L7-484 ^T and L9-753 ^T were 66.1 and 69.4 mol%, respectively. Strains L7-484 ^T and L9-753 ^T exhibited less than 40 % DNA–DNA hybridization both between themselves and to A. ureilytica KACC 11607 ^T . Our results support the proposal that strain L7-484 ^T represents a novel species within the genus Aureimonas , for which the name Aureimonas jatrophae sp. nov. is proposed, and that strains L9-753 ^T , L7-456 ( = KACC 16229 = DSM 25023) and L9-479 ( = KACC 16228 = DSM 25024) represent a second novel species within the genus, for which the name Aureimonas phyllosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strains of Aureimonas jatrophae sp. nov. and Aureimonas phyllosphaerae sp. nov. are respectively L7-484 ^T ( = KACC 16230 ^T = DSM 25025 ^T ) and L9-753 ^T ( = KACC 16231 ^T = DSM 25026 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041020-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041020-0
  
• Characterization of strains of Weissella fabalis sp. nov. and Fructobacillus tropaeoli from spontaneous cocoa bean fermentations [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  Six facultatively anaerobic, non-motile lactic acid bacteria were isolated from spontaneous cocoa bean fermentations carried out in Brazil, Ecuador and Malaysia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of these strains, designated M75 ^T , isolated from a Brazilian cocoa bean fermentation, had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity towards Weissella fabaria LMG 24289 ^T (97.7 %), W. ghanensis LMG 24286 ^T (93.3 %) and W. beninensis LMG 25373 ^T (93.4 %). The remaining lactic acid bacteria isolates, represented by strain M622, showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity towards the type strain of Fructobacillus tropaeoli (99.9 %), a recently described species isolated from a flower in South Africa. pheS gene sequence analysis indicated that the former strain represented a novel species, whereas pheS , rpoA and atpA gene sequence analysis indicated that the remaining five strains belonged to F. tropaeoli ; these results were confirmed by DNA–DNA hybridization experiments towards their respective nearest phylogenetic neighbours. Additionally, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry proved successful for the identification of species of the genera Weissella and Fructobacillus and for the recognition of the novel species. We propose to classify strain M75 ^T ( = LMG 26217 ^T = CCUG 61472 ^T ) as the type strain of the novel species Weissella fabalis sp. nov.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.040311-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.040311-0
  
• Melghirimyces thermohalophilus sp. nov., a thermoactinomycete isolated from an Algerian salt lake [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  A novel filamentous bacterium, designated Nari11A ^T , was isolated from soil collected from a salt lake named Chott Melghir, located in north-eastern Algeria. The strain is an aerobic, halophilic, thermotolerant, Gram-stain-positive bacterium, growing at NaCl concentrations between 5 and 20 % (w/v) and at 43–60 °C and pH 5.0–10.0. The major fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} , anteiso-C _{15 : 0} and iso-C _{17 : 0.} The DNA G+C content was 53.4 mol%. ll -Diaminopimelic acid was the diamino acid of the peptidoglycan. The major menaquinone was MK-7, but MK-6 and MK-8 were also present in trace amounts. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and three unidentified phospholipids. Results of molecular and phenotypic analyses led to the description of the strain as a novel member to the genus Melghirimyces , family Thermoactinomycetaceae . Strain Nari11A ^T shows 96.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strain of Melghirimyces algeriensis . On the basis of phenotypic, physiological and phylogenetic data, strain Nari11A ^T ( = DSM 45514 ^T = CCUG 60050 ^T ) represents the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Melghirimyces thermohalophilus sp. nov. is proposed.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043760-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043760-0
  
• Transfer of Bacillus schlegelii to a novel genus and proposal of Hydrogenibacillus schlegelii gen. nov., comb. nov. [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of species currently assigned to the genus Bacillus has shown an extensive intrageneric phylogenetic heterogeneity. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of Bacillus schlegelii ATCC 43741 ^T shows only 82.2–85.9 % sequence similarity to type strains of other members of the genus Bacillus and <88.5 % sequence similarity to recognised species of the most closely related genera, Calditerricola (88.4–88.5 %), Planifilum (87.3–87.8 %) and Caldalkalibacillus (87.2–87.9 %). Furthermore, B. schlegelii ATCC 43741 ^T could not be assigned to an existing family by phylogenetic analysis. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified glycolipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C _{16 : 0} , C _{16 : 0} , iso-C _{17 : 0} and anteiso-C _{17 : 0} . Both the polar lipid profile and the fatty acid composition clearly distinguished B. schlegelii DSM 2000 ^T from the type species of the genus Bacillus , Bacillus subtilis . Hence, there is no evidence for a clear phenotypic grouping of this organism into the genus Bacillus nor to the genera Calditerricola , Caldalkalibacillus or Planifilum . A proposal is made to transfer Bacillus schlegelii to a novel genus and species, Hydrogenibacillus schlegelii gen. nov., comb. nov., and to emend the species description. The type strain of the type species is DSM 2000 ^T ( = ATCC 43741 ^T = CCUG 26017 ^T = CIP 106933 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.045146-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.045146-0
  
• Streptomyces chlorus sp. nov. and Streptomyces viridis sp. nov., isolated from soil [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  Two actinomycete strains, BK125 ^T and BK199 ^T , isolated from a hay meadow soil sample were investigated to determine their taxonomic position using a polyphasic approach. The isolates produced greenish-yellow and light green aerial mycelium on oatmeal agar, respectively. They contained anteiso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{15 : 0} and C _{16 : 0} as the major fatty acids, and MK-9 (H ₆ ) and MK-9 (H ₈ ) as the predominant isoprenoid quinones. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates formed distinct phyletic lines towards the periphery of the Streptomyces prasinus subclade. Analysis of DNA–DNA relatedness between the two isolates showed that they belonged to different genomic species. The organisms were also distinguished from one another and from type strains of species classified in the S. prasinus subclade using a combination of genotypic and phenotypic properties. On the basis of these data, it is proposed that the isolates be assigned to the genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces chlorus sp. nov. and Streptomyces viridis sp. nov. with isolates BK125 ^T ( = KACC 20902 ^T = CGMCC 4.5798 ^T ) and BK199 ^T ( = KACC 21003 ^T = CGMCC 4.6824 ^T ) as the respective type strains.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.045906-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.045906-0
  
• Bartonella jaculi sp. nov., Bartonella callosciuri sp. nov., Bartonella pachyuromydis sp. nov. and Bartonella acomydis sp. nov., isolated from wild Rodentia [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  Four novel strains of members of the genus Bartonella , OY2-1 ^T , BR11-1 ^T , FN15-2 ^T and KS2-1 ^T , were isolated from the blood of wild-captured greater Egyptian jerboa ( Jaculus orientalis ), plantain squirrel ( Callosciurus notatus ), fat-tailed gerbil ( Pachyuromys duprasi ) and golden spiny mouse ( Acomys russatus ). All the animals were imported to Japan as pets from Egypt, Thailand and the Netherlands. The phenotypic characterization (growth conditions, incubation periods, biochemical properties and cell morphologies), DNA G+C contents (37.4 mol% for strain OY2-1 ^T , 35.5 mol% for strain BR11-1 ^T , 35.7 mol% for strain FN15-2 ^T and 37.2 mol% for strain KS2-1 ^T ), and sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA genes indicated that those strains belong to the genus Bartonella . Sequence comparisons of gltA and rpoB genes suggested that all of the strains should be classified as novel species of the genus Bartonella . In phylogenetic trees based on the concatenated sequences of five loci, including the 16S rRNA, ftsZ , gltA and rpoB genes and the ITS region, and on the concatenated deduced amino acid sequences of three housekeeping genes ( ftsZ , gltA and rpoB ), all strains formed distinct clades and had unique mammalian hosts that could be discriminated from other known species of the genus Bartonella . These data strongly support the hypothesis that strains OY2-1 ^T , BR11-1 ^T , FN15-2 ^T and KS2-1 ^T should be classified as representing novel species of the genus Bartonella . The names Bartonella jaculi sp. nov., Bartonella callosciuri sp. nov., Bartonella pachyuromydis sp. nov. and Bartonella acomydis sp. nov. are proposed for these novel species. Type strains of Bartonella jaculi sp. nov., Bartonella callosciuri sp. nov., Bartonella pachyuromydis sp. nov. and Bartonella acomydis sp. nov. are OY2-1 ^T ( = JCM 17712 ^T = KCTC 23655 ^T ), BR11-1 ^T ( = JCM 17709 ^T = KCTC 23909 ^T ), FN15-2 ^T ( = JCM 17714 ^T = KCTC 23657 ^T ) and KS2-1 ^T ( = JCM 17706 ^T = KCTC 23907 ^T ), respectively.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041939-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041939-0
  
• Roseovarius sediminilitoris sp. nov., isolated from seashore sediment [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A Gram-negative, motile and ovoid- to rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated M-M10 ^T , was isolated from a seashore sediment collected from the South Sea, South Korea. Strain M-M10 ^T grew optimally at pH 7.0–8.0, at 30 °C and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain M-M10 ^T clustered with the type strains of Roseovarius crassostreae , Roseovarius halocynthiae and Roseovarius marinus , with which it exhibited sequence similarities of 97.4, 97.3 and 95.1 %, respectively. It exhibited 93.2–95.1 % sequence similarity to the type strains of the other species of the genus Roseovarius . Strain M-M10 ^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C _{18 : 1} 7 c and C _{16 : 0} as the major fatty acids, as observed in the genus Roseovarius . The polar lipid profile of strain M-M10 ^T was similar to that of Roseovarius tolerans DSM 11457 ^T . The DNA G+C content of strain M-M10 ^T was 63.0 mol% and its mean DNA–DNA relatedness values with Roseovarius crassostreae DSM 16950 ^T and Roseovarius halocynthiae MA1-10 ^T were 16 % and 22 %, respectively. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain M-M10 ^T is distinct from other species of the genus Roseovarius . On the basis of the data presented, strain M-M10 ^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Roseovarius , for which the name Roseovarius sediminilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M-M10 ^T ( = KCTC 23959 ^T = CCUG 62413 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043737-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043737-0
  
• Mesorhizobium shonense sp. nov., Mesorhizobium hawassense sp. nov. and Mesorhizobium abyssinicae sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of different agroforestry legume trees [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A total of 18 strains, representing members of the genus Mesorhizobium , obtained from root nodules of woody legumes growing in Ethiopia, have been previously shown, by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of five housekeeping genes, to form three novel genospecies. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationship between representative strains of these three genospecies and the type strains of their closest phylogenetic neighbours Mesorhizobium plurifarium , Mesorhizobium amorphae , Mesorhizobium septentrionale and Mesorhizobium huakuii was further evaluated using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. In line with our earlier MLSA of other housekeeping genes, the phylogenetic trees derived from the atpD and glnII genes grouped the test strains into three well-supported, distinct lineages that exclude all defined species of the genus Mesorhizobium . The DNA–DNA relatedness between the representative strains of genospecies I–III and the type strains of their closest phylogenetic neighbours was low (≤59 %). They differed from each other and from their closest phylogenetic neighbours by the presence/absence of several fatty acids, or by large differences in the relative amounts of particular fatty acids. While showing distinctive features, they were generally able to utilize a wide range of substrates as sole carbon and nitrogen sources. The strains belonging to genospecies I, II and III therefore represent novel species for which we propose the names Mesorhizobium shonense sp. nov., Mesorhizobium hawassense sp. nov. and Mesorhizobium abyssinicae sp. nov. The isolates AC39a ^T ( = LMG 26966 ^T = HAMBI 3295 ^T ), AC99b ^T ( = LMG 26968 ^T = HAMBI 3301 ^T ) and AC98c ^T ( = LMG 26967 ^T = HAMBI 3306 ^T ) are proposed as type strains for the respective novel species.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044032-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044032-0
  
• Lactobacillus porcinae sp. nov., isolated from traditional Vietnamese nem chua [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  A species diversity study of lactic acid bacteria occurring in traditional Vietnamese nem chua yielded an isolate, LMG 26767 ^T , that could not be assigned to a species with a validly published name. The isolate was initially investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, which revealed that it belonged to the genus Lactobacillus , with Lactobacillus manihotivorans and Lactobacillus camelliae as the closest relatives (98.9 % and 96.9 % gene sequence similarity to the type strains, respectively). Comparative (GTG) ₅ -PCR genomic fingerprinting confirmed the unique taxonomic status of the novel strain. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments, DNA G+C content determination, sequence analysis of the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthase ( pheS ) gene, and physiological and biochemical characterization demonstrated that strain LMG 26767 ^T represents a novel species, for which the name Lactobacillus porcinae sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is LMG 26767 ^T ( = CCUG 62266 ^T ). Biochemically, L. porcinae can be distinguished from L. manihotivorans and L. camelliae by its carbohydrate fermentation profile, absence of growth at 45 °C, and production of d - and l -lactate as end products of glucose metabolism.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044123-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044123-0
  
• Endobacter medicaginis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from alfalfa nodules in an acidic soil [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A bacterial strain designated M1MS02 ^T was isolated from a surface-sterilized nodule of Medicago sativa in Zamora (Spain). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain showed 96.5 and 96.2 % similarity, respectively, with respect to Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens IFO 12388 ^T and Granulibacter bethesdensis CGDNIH1 ^T from the family Acetobacteraceae . The novel isolate was a Gram-stain-negative, non-sporulating, aerobic coccoid to rod-shaped bacterium that was motile by a subpolar flagellum. The major fatty acid was C _{18 : 1} 7 c and the major ubiquinone was Q-10. The lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two aminophospholipids, three aminolipids, four glycolipids, two phospholipids and one lipid. Strain M1MS02 ^T was catalase-positive and oxidase- and urease-negative. Acetate and lactate were not oxidized. Acetic acid was produced from ethanol in culture media supplemented with 2 % CaCO ₃ . Ammonium sulphate was assimilated in glucose medium. The strain produced dihydroxyacetone from glycerol. Phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses commonly used to differentiate genera within the family Acetobacteraceae showed that strain M1MS02 ^T should be classified as representing a novel species of a new genus within this family, for which the name Endobacter medicaginis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is M1MS02 ^T ( = LMG 26838 ^T = CECT 8088 ^T ). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a member of the Acetobacteraceae occurring as a legume nodule endophyte.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041368-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041368-0
  
• Orbus sasakiae sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from the gut of the butterfly Sasakia charonda, and emended description of the genus Orbus [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A novel Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and coccus-shaped bacterium, strain C7 ^T , was isolated from the gut of the butterfly Sasakia charonda . Strain C7 ^T grew optimally at 20–25 °C, at pH 7–8 and with 1 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain was negative for oxidase activity but positive for catalase activity. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain C7 ^T and Orbus hercynius CN3 ^T shared 96.8 % similarity. The major fatty acids identified were C _{14 : 0} , C _{16 : 0} , C _{18 : 1} 7 c and summed feature 2 (comprising C _{14 : 0} 3-OH/iso-C _{16 : 1} ). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The polar lipids of strain C7 ^T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA extracted from strain C7 ^T was 32.1 mol%. Taken together, the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses indicate that strain C7 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Orbus , for which the name Orbus sasakiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C7 ^T ( = KACC 16544 ^T = JCM 18050 ^T ). An emended description of the genus Orbus is provided.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041871-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041871-0
  
• Friedmanniella flava sp. nov., a soil actinomycete [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  A novel actinomycete, strain W6 ^T , was isolated from a soil sample of Yunnan Province, China. The bacterium was aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and Gram-stain-positive. Genetic, phenotypic and chemical properties of the isolate were studied. 16S rRNA gene sequence data suggested that the novel isolate belonged to the genus Friedmanniella and shared 98.6 % sequence similarity with Friedmanniella antarctica DSM 11053 ^T and Friedmanniella okinawensis DSM 21744 ^T , the most closely related species. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained ll -diaminopimelic acid, and mycolic acids were absent. The main menaquinone was MK-9(H ₄ ) and the predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C _{15 : 0} and iso-C _{15 : 0} . The phospholipid profile contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain W6 ^T was 72 mol%. Strain W6 ^T showed 30.0 % and 28.5 % DNA–DNA relatedness, respectively, to F. antarctica DSM 11053 ^T and F. okinawensis DSM 21744 ^T . The combined genotypic and phenotypic data showed that strain W6 ^T should be assigned to the genus Friedmanniella as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Friedmanniella flava sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W6 ^T ( = CGMCC 4.6856 ^T = JCM 17701 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043984-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043984-0
  
• Paenibacillus catalpae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Catalpa speciosa [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  A bacterial strain, designated D75 ^T , was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Catalpa speciosa . Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain D75 ^T was a member of the genus Paenibacillus . High levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity were found between strain D75 ^T and Paenibacillus glycanilyticus DS-1 ^T (99.2 %), Paenibacillus xinjiangensis B538 ^T (97.5 %) and Paenibacillus castaneae Ch-32 ^T (97.2 %). The chemotaxonomic properties of strain D75 ^T were consistent with those of the genus Paenibacillus : the cell-wall peptidoglycan type was based on meso -diaminopimelic acid (A1), the predominant menaquinone was MK-7, and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{16 : 0} and C _{16 : 0} . However, levels of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain D75 ^T and P. glycanilyticus NBRC 16618 ^T , P. xinjiangensis DSM 16970 ^T and P. castaneae DSM 19417 ^T were 35, 20 and 18 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, phylogenetic data and DNA–DNA relatedness values, strain D75 ^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus , for which the name Paenibacillus catalpae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D75 ^T ( = DSM 24714 ^T = CGMCC 1.10784 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.040659-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.040659-0
  
• Aquimarina gracilis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microflora of a mussel, Mytilus coruscus, and emended description of Aquimarina spongiae [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  An orange-coloured and slender rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain PSC32 ^T , was isolated from the gut microflora of a mussel collected from Gwangyang Bay, South Sea (Republic of Korea). Cells were Gram-reaction-negative, strictly aerobic, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. The major fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH, iso-C _{15 : 1} G and iso-C _{15 : 0} 3-OH. The only isoprenoid quinone of strain PSC32 ^T was MK-6 and the DNA G+C content was 36.9 mol%. Phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified polar lipids were found as major polar lipids. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain PSC32 ^T forms an evolutionary lineage within the genus Aquimarina and is closely related to Aquimarina spongiae A6 ^T (97.0 % similarity) and to other members of the genus Aquimarina (94.4–96.5 %). Genomic DNA–DNA relatedness between strain PSC32 ^T and A. spongiae A6 ^T was 40.7 %. A number of phenotypic characteristics distinguished strain PSC32 ^T from described members of the genus Aquimarina . On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain PSC32 ^T represents a novel species, for which the name Aquimarina gracilis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PSC32 ^T ( = KCTC 23301 ^T = JCM 17453 ^T ). An emended description of Aquimarina spongiae is given.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044289-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044289-0
  
• Dyadobacter jejuensis sp. nov., isolated from seawater [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A taxonomic study was carried out on a novel bacterial strain, designated AM1R11 ^T , which was isolated from seawater of Jeju Island in Korea. Cells of the isolate were found to be Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Cytophagaceae , with Dyadobacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 043 ^T as its closest relative, with a similarity of 96.6 %. It contained summed feature 3 (comprising C _{16 : 1} 7 c and/or C _{16 : 1} 6 c , 36.9 %), iso-C _{15 : 0} (16.5 %) and C _{16 : 1} 5 c (16.3 %) as the major fatty acids and MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone. The polar lipid profile of strain AM1R11 ^T revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, one aminolipid and four unidentified lipids (L1, L2, L3 and L4). The DNA G+C content of strain AM1R11 ^T was 45.1 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented, it is concluded that strain AM1R11 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Dyadobacter , for which the name Dyadobacter jejuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AM1R11 ^T ( = KACC 16446 ^T = JCM 17918 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043620-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043620-0
  
• Winogradskyella litorisediminis sp. nov., isolated from coastal sediment [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A Gram-staining-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated DPS-8 ^T , was isolated from coastal sediment of Geoje island in the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic study. Strain DPS-8 ^T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DPS-8 ^T joined the clade comprising the type strains of Winogradskyella species with a high bootstrap resampling value of 93.5 %. Phylogenetic trees constructed using maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony algorithms revealed that strain DPS-8 ^T belonged to the genus Winogradskyella . Strain DPS-8 ^T exhibited 94.1–96.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains of species of the genus Winogradskyella . Strain DPS-8 ^T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C _{15 : 1} G, iso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH and C _{16 : 1} 7 c and/or iso-C _{15 : 0} 2-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain DPS-8 ^T were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain DPS-8 ^T was 34.7 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain DPS-8 ^T is separate from recognized species of the genus Winogradskyella . On the basis of the data presented, strain DPS-8 ^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Winogradskyella , for which the name Winogradskyella litorisediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DPS-8 ^T ( = KCTC 32110 ^T = CCUG 62215 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043679-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043679-0
  
• Chitinophaga cymbidii sp. nov., isolated from Cymbidium goeringii roots [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  Two Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming rod-shaped, non-motile bacteria, designated strains R156-2 ^T and T58-2 were isolated from the roots of Cymbidium goeringii. The colonies were yellow-pigmented. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strains R156-2 ^T and T58-2 were shown to be members of the genus Chitinophaga . Strains R156-2 ^T and T58-2 showed the greatest level of sequence similarity with Chitinophaga niabensis (96.0–96.3 %). The major menaquinone was MK-7. The main cellular fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 0} , C _{16 : 1} 5 c and iso-C _{17 : 0} 3-OH. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses indicated that strains R156-2 ^T and T58-2 could not be assigned to any recognized species. Therefore, strains R156-2 ^T and T58-2 represent a novel species of the genus Chitinophaga , for which the name Chitinophaga cymbidii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R156-2 ^T ( = ACCC 05363 ^T = KCTC 23738 ^T ). The DNA G+C content of this strain is 51.9 mol%.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.040014-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.040014-0
  
• Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis sp. nov., a marine polysaccharide-producing bacterium [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A novel exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium, designated strain k53 ^T , was isolated from sediment from the Arabia Sea, Indian Ocean. The strain was Gram-negative, motile, strictly aerobic, oxidase-positive and catalase-positive, and required Na ⁺ for growth. Its major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8), and its cellular fatty acid profile mainly consisted of C _{16 : 1} 7 c , C _{16 : 0} and C _{18 : 1} 7 c . The DNA G+C content was 43 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis suggested that strain k53 ^T is a member of the genus Pseudoalteromonas . Strain k53 ^T exhibited close phylogenetic affinity to Pseudoalteromonas lipolytica LMEB 39 ^T (98.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Pseudoalteromonas donghaensis HJ51 ^T (97.3 %).The DNA–DNA reassociation values between strain k53 ^T and P. lipolytica JCM 15903 ^T and P. donghaensis LMG 24469 ^T were 17 % and 12 %, respectively. Owing to the significant differences in phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and DNA–DNA relatedness data, the isolate merits classification as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis is proposed. The type strain of this species is k53 ^T ( = JCM 17292 ^T = NCIMB 14688 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043604-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043604-0
  
• Tepidimonas fonticaldi sp. nov., a slightly thermophilic betaproteobacterium isolated from a hot spring [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A slightly thermophilic bacterial strain, designated AT-A2 ^T , was isolated from a hot spring water sample taken from the Antun hot spring in Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain AT-A2 ^T were aerobic, Gram-negative, motile by a single polar flagellum and formed non-pigmented colonies. Growth occurred at 35–60 °C (optimum, 55 °C), with 0–1.0 % NaCl (optimum, 0.2 %) and at pH 7.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AT-A2 ^T belonged to the genus Tepidimonas and its closest neighbour was Tepidimonas thermarum AA-1 ^T with a sequence similarity of 97.5 %. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C _{16 : 0} (40.2 %), summed feature 3 (C _{16 : 1} 7 c and/or C _{16 : 1} 6 c ; 20.1 %) and C _{17 : 0} cyclo (11.5 %). The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an uncharacterized aminolipid and several uncharacterized phospholipids. The DNA G+C content of strain AT-A2 ^T was 70.1 mol%. The mean level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain AT-A2 ^T and Tepidimonas thermarum AA-1 ^T was 23.9 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic data, strain AT-A2 ^T should be classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Tepidimonas fonticaldi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AT-A2 ^T ( = LMG 26746 ^T = KCTC 23862 ^T = BCRC 80391 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043729-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043729-0
  
• Lactobacillus shenzhenensis sp. nov., isolated from a fermented dairy beverage [NEW TAXA: Firmicutes and Related Organisms]
  Two Lactobacillus strains, designated LY-73 ^T and LY-30B, were isolated from a dairy beverage, sold in Shenzhen market, China. The two isolates were Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic rods that were heterofermentative and did not exhibit catalase activity. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA, pheS and rpoA genes revealed that the two isolates shared 99.5, 99.8 and 99.9 % sequence similarity, which indicates that they belong to the same species. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated clustering of the two isolates with the genus Lactobacillus . Strain LY-73 ^T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Lactobacillus harbinensis KACC 12409 ^T (97.73 %), Lactobacillus perolens DSM 12744 ^T (96.96 %) and Lactobacillus selangorensis DSM 13344 ^T (93.10 %). Comparative analyses of their rpoA and pheS gene sequences indicated that the novel strains were significantly different from other Lactobacillus species. Low DNA–DNA reassociation values (50.5 %) were obtained between strain LY-73 ^T and its phylogenetically closest neighbours. The G+C contents of the DNA of the two novel isolates were 56.1 and 56.5 mol%. Straight-chain unsaturated fatty acids C _{18 : 1} 9 c (78.85 and 74.29 %) were the dominant components, and the cell-wall peptidoglycan was of the l -Lys– d -Asp type. Based on phenotypic characteristics, and chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, the novel strains represent a novel species of the genus Lactobacillus , for which the name Lactobacillus shenzhenensis sp. nov. is proposed, with LY-73 ^T ( = CCTCC M 2011481 ^T = KACC 16878 ^T ) as the type strain.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041111-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041111-0
  
• Magnetovibrio blakemorei gen. nov., sp. nov., a magnetotactic bacterium (Alphaproteobacteria: Rhodospirillaceae) isolated from a salt marsh [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A magnetotactic bacterium, designated strain MV-1 ^T , was isolated from sulfide-rich sediments in a salt marsh near Boston, MA, USA. Cells of strain MV-1 ^T were Gram-negative, and vibrioid to helicoid in morphology. Cells were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The cells appeared to display a transitional state between axial and polar magnetotaxis: cells swam in both directions, but generally had longer excursions in one direction than the other. Cells possessed a single chain of magnetosomes containing truncated hexaoctahedral crystals of magnetite, positioned along the long axis of the cell. Strain MV-1 ^T was a microaerophile that was also capable of anaerobic growth on some nitrogen oxides. Salinities greater than 10 % seawater were required for growth. Strain MV-1 ^T exhibited chemolithoautotrophic growth on thiosulfate and sulfide with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor (microaerobic growth) and on thiosulfate using nitrous oxide (N ₂ O) as the terminal electron acceptor (anaerobic growth). Chemo-organoautotrophic and methylotrophic growth was supported by formate under microaerobic conditions. Autotrophic growth occurred via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle. Chemo-organoheterotrophic growth was supported by various organic acids and amino acids, under microaerobic and anaerobic conditions. Optimal growth occurred at pH 7.0 and 26–28 °C. The genome of strain MV-1 ^T consisted of a single, circular chromosome, about 3.7 Mb in size, with a G+C content of 52.9–53.5 mol%.Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MV-1 ^T belongs to the family Rhodospirillaceae within the Alphaproteobacteria , but is not closely related to the genus Magnetospirillum . The name Magnetovibrio blakemorei gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for strain MV-1 ^T . The type strain of Magnetovibrio blakemorei is MV-1 ^T ( = ATCC BAA-1436 ^T = DSM 18854 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044453-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044453-0
  
• Pseudomonas punonensis sp. nov., isolated from straw [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  During a study of the ‘tunta’ (frozen-dry potato) production process in Peru, a bacterial strain, LMT03 ^T , was isolated from the straw grass in which the potatoes are dried. This strain was classified into the genus Pseudomonas on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and is most closely related to Pseudomonas argentinensis CH01 ^T with 99.3 % identity in this gene and 96 %, 92 % and 86 % identities in rpoB , rpoD and gyrB genes, respectively. Strain LMT03 ^T has a single polar flagellum, like other related yellow-pigment-producing pseudomonads. The major quinone is Q-9. The major fatty acids are C _{18 : 1} 7 c in summed feature 8 (40.82 %), C _{16 : 1} 6 c /C _{16 : 1} 6c in summed feature 3 (23.72 %) and C _{16 : 0} (15.20 %). The strain produces oxidase but it does not produce gelatinase, indole, urease, arginine dihydrolase or β-galactosidase. Catalase production was very weak after 28 and 48 h incubation on nutrient agar medium. Nitrate reduction is negative. It does not hydrolyse aesculin. The DNA G+C content is 57.8 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization results showed lower than 52 % relatedness with respect to the type strain of P. argentinensis , CH01 ^T . These results, together with other phenotypic characteristics, support the definition of a novel species within the genus Pseudomonas , for which the name Pseudomonas punonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LMT03 ^T ( = LMG 26839 ^T = CECT 8089 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042119-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042119-0
  
• Chromobacterium vaccinii sp. nov., isolated from native and cultivated cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) bogs and irrigation ponds [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A large number of Gram-negative, motile, mesophilic, violacein-producing bacteria were isolated from the soils and roots of Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. and Kalmia angustifolia L. plants and from irrigation ponds associated with wild and cultivated cranberry bogs in Massachusetts, USA. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences placed these isolates in a clade with Chromobacterium species, but the specialized environment from which they were isolated, their low genomic DNA relatedness with Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472 ^T and C. subtsugae PRAA4-1 ^T , significant differences in fatty acid composition and colony morphology indicate that the cranberry and Kalmia isolates comprise a separate species of Chromobacterium , for which the name Chromobacterium vaccinii sp. nov. is proposed. Strain MWU205 ^T ( = ATCC BAA-2314 ^T = DSM 25150 ^T ) is proposed as the type strain for the novel species. Phenotypic analysis of 26 independent isolates of C. vaccinii sp. nov. indicates that, despite close geographical and biological proximity, there is considerable metabolic diversity among individuals within the population.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.045161-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.045161-0
  
• Methylopila musalis sp. nov., an aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic bacterium isolated from banana fruit [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A newly isolated, facultatively methylotrophic bacterium (strain MUSA ^T ) was investigated. The isolate was strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, asporogenous, motile, rod-shaped and multiplied by binary fission. The strain utilized methanol, methylamine and an apparently narrow range of multi-carbon compounds, but not methane, dichloromethane or CO ₂ /H ₂ , as the carbon and energy sources. Growth occurred at pH 5.5–9.5 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 16–40 °C (optimum, 28–30 °C). The major fatty acids of methanol-grown cells were C _{18 : 1} 7 c , C _{18 : 0} and 11-methyl-C _{18 : 1} 7 c . The predominant phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine. The major ubiquinone was Q-10. The strain had methanol and methylamine dehydrogenases as well as the enzymes of the N -methylglutamate pathway (lyases of -glutamylmethylamide and N -methylglutamate). C ₁ assimilation occurs via the isocitrate lyase-negative serine pathway. Ammonium was assimilated by glutamate dehydrogenase and the glutamate cycle (glutamate synthase/glutamine synthetase). The DNA G+C content of the strain was 64.5 mol% (determined from the melting temperature). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (97.0–98.9 %) and DNA–DNA relatedness (36–38 %) with representatives of the genus Methylopila ( Methylopila capsulata IM1 ^T and Methylopila jiangsuensis JZL-4 ^T ) the isolate was classified as a novel species of the genus Methylopila , for which the name Methylopila musalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MUSA ^T ( = VKM B-2646 ^T = DSM 24986 ^T = CCUG 61696 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042028-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042028-0
  
• Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis subsp. nov., a symbiotic bacterium associated with a novel Heterorhabditis species related to Heterorhabditis indica [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  The bacterial symbiont AM7 ^T , isolated from a novel entomopathogenic nematode species of the genus Heterorhabditis , displays the main phenotypic traits of the genus Photorhabdus and is highly pathogenic to Galleria mellonella . Phylogenetic analysis based on a multigene approach (16S rRNA, recA , gyrB , dnaN , gltX and infB ) confirmed the classification of isolate AM7 ^T within the species Photorhabdus luminescens and revealed its close relatedness to Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis , P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii and P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis . The five concatenated protein-encoding sequences (4197 nt) of strain AM7 ^T revealed 95.8, 95.4 and 94.9 % nucleotide identity to sequences of P. luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis HG29 ^T , P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii FRG04 ^T and P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis C8404 ^T , respectively. These identity values are less than the threshold of 97 % proposed for classification within one of the existing subspecies of P. luminescens . Unlike other strains described for P. luminescens , strain AM7 ^T produces acid from adonitol, sorbitol and xylitol, assimilates xylitol and has no lipase activity on medium containing Tween 20 or 60. Strain AM7 ^T is differentiated from P. luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis by the assimilation of N -acetylglucosamine and the absence of haemolytic activity. Unlike P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii , strain AM7 ^T does not assimilate mannitol, and it is distinguished from P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis by the assimilation of trehalose and citrate, the inability to produce indole from tryptophan and the presence of acetoin production and urease activity. Strain AM7 ^T ( = ATCC BAA-2407 ^T = DSM 25462 ^T ) belongs to a novel subspecies, and is proposed as the type strain of Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis sp. nov.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044388-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.044388-0
  
• Classification of Leptospira genomospecies 1, 3, 4 and 5 as Leptospira alstonii sp. nov., Leptospira vanthielii sp. nov., Leptospira terpstrae sp. nov. and Leptospira yanagawae sp. nov., respectively [NEW TAXA: Other Bacteria]
  The genus Leptospira currently comprises 16 named species. In addition, four unnamed hybridization groups were designated Leptospira genomospecies 1, 3, 4 and 5. These groups represent valid species-level taxa, but were not assigned names in the original description by Brenner et al. [ Int J Syst Bacteriol 49 , 839–858 (1999)]. To rectify this situation, it is proposed that Leptospira genomospecies 1, genomospecies 3, genomospecies 4 and genomospecies 5 should be classified as Leptospira alstonii sp. nov., Leptospira vanthielii sp. nov., Leptospira terpstrae sp. nov. and Leptospira yanagawae sp. nov., respectively, with strains L. alstonii 79601 ^T ( = ATCC BAA-2439 ^T ), L. vanthielii WaZ Holland ^T ( = ATCC 700522 ^T ), L. terpstrae LT 11-33 ^T ( = ATCC 700639 ^T ) and L. yanagawae Sao Paulo ^T ( = ATCC 700523 ^T ) as the type strains. The type strains are also available from the culture collections of the WHO Collaborating Centres in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Brisbane, Australia.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.047324-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.047324-0
  
• Flaviflexus huanghaiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium of the family Actinomycetaceae [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  Strain H5 ^T was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the coastal area of Qingdao, China. The cells were Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, straight or curved rods. The temperature range for growth was 20–37 °C and the pH for growth ranged from 6.5 to 9.0, with optimum growth occurring in the temperature range 28–30 °C and pH range 7.5–8.0. Growth occurred in the presence of 0–6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0–2 %). Strain H5 ^T had MK-9, MK-9(H ₂ ) and MK-9(H ₄ ) as the major menaquinones and C _{18 : 1} 9 c , C _{16 : 0} , C _{14 : 0} , C _{18 : 0} and C _{16 : 1} 9 c as major fatty acids. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was A5α l -Lys- l -Ala- l -Lys- d -Glu. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), an unknown phospholipid (PL1) and two unknown phosphoglycolipids (PGL1, PGL2). An unknown phospholipid (PL2) and two unknown glycolipids (GL1, GL2) were present in moderate to minor amounts in the polar lipid profile. The genomic DNA G+C content was 61.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain H5 ^T represents a novel lineage in the family Actinomycetaceae . On the basis of phenotypic, physiological and molecular characteristics, it is proposed that the novel isolate should be classified as a novel species in a new genus: Flaviflexus huanghaiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., with strain H5 ^T ( = DSM 24315 ^T = CICC 10486 ^T ) as the type strain of the type species.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042044-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042044-0
  
• Pleomorphobacterium xiamenense gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderate thermophile isolated from a terrestrial hot spring [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  An aerobic, motile, moderately thermophilic rod, designated strain CLW ^T , was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring in an exposition garden in Xiamen City, Fujian Province, the People’s Republic of China. Strain CLW ^T formed beige, dry colonies on solid 2216E medium and flocks in liquid medium. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, short rods (1.0–3.0 µm long and 0.4–0.6 µm wide) with six or more polar flagella. The temperature and pH for growth of strain CLW ^T were 28–65 °C (optimum, 50–58 °C) and pH 5.5–9.5 (optimum, pH 6.0–8.0). Growth occurred in the presence of 0.3–6.0 % NaCl (optimum 2.5–4.5 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the closest relative of the isolate was Amaricoccus kaplicensis Ben 101 ^T (94.3 % sequence similarity). The DNA G+C content of strain CLW ^T was 72.2 mol%. The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 10. The predominant polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 8 (consisting of C _{18 : 1} 7 c and/or C _{18 : 1} 6 c ), C _{18 : 1} 7 c 11-methyl and C _{18 : 0} . Based on phylogenetic, physiological and biochemical data and DNA G+C content, strain CLW ^T is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Rhodobacteraceae , for which the name Pleomorphobacterium xiamenense gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is CLW ^T ( = LMG 26245 ^T = CGMCC 1.10808 ^T = MCCC 1A06272 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.042713-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.042713-0
  
• Actinoallomurus acanthiterrae sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from rhizosphere soil of the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  A novel actinobacterium strain, 2614A723 ^T , was isolated from rhizosphere soil of mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius collected at Touyuan, Wenchang, Hainan province, China. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 2614A723 ^T formed a distinct phyletic line in the genus Actinoallomurus , the 16S rRNA gene tree sharing similarities of 98.35 %, 98.07 % and 97.86 % with Actinoallomurus spadix NBRC 14099 ^T , Actinoallomurus purpureus TTN02-30 ^T and Actinoallomurus luridus TT02-15 ^T _, respectively. Strain 2614A723 ^T contained lysine and meso -diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan and madurose, galactose and xylose in the whole-cell sugars. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H ₄ ) and MK-9(H ₆ ). The major polar phospholipids were phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C _{16 : 0} and anteiso-C _{17 : 0} . These chemotaxonomic data confirmed the affiliation of strain 2614A723 ^T to the genus Actinoallomurus . It is apparent from the combined phenotypic data, biochemical tests and DNA–DNA hybridization values that strain 2614A723 ^T should be classified in the genus Actinoallomurus as a representative of a novel species. The name Actinoallomurus acanthiterrae sp. nov. is proposed with strain 2614A723 ^T ( = CCTCC AA 2012001 ^T = DSM 45727 ^T ) as the type strain.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043380-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043380-0
  
• Eilatimonas milleporae gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from the hydrocoral Millepora dichotoma [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  A marine bacterial strain, designated MD2 ^T , was isolated from the damaged tissue of a hydrocoral, Millepora dichotoma , collected from the coral reef in the northern Red Sea, Gulf of Eilat, Israel. Strain MD2 ^T was Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped and motile, and formed small, creamy and opaque colonies, 1–2 mm in diameter, after 3 days incubation on Marine agar at 30°C. The novel strain grew well in nutrient broth at 1.5–6 % NaCl and at 20–37°C. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C _{17 : 1} 9 c , iso-C _{17 : 0} , C _{18 : 1} 7 c and C _{17 : 1} 6 c . The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified lipid, two unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified aminolipids. Ubiquinone Q-10 was the only respiratory lipoquinone. The DNA G+C content was 60.3 mol%. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the organism in the α-subclass of the Proteobacteria with a sequence divergence of about 9 % from any species with a validly published name. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (approximately 91 %) was notably with type strains of members of the genus Kordiimonas , Kordiimonas aestuarii 101-1 ^T , Kordiimonas lacus S3-22 ^T and Kordiimonas gwangyangensis GW14-5 ^T . On the basis of genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic distinctness, strain MD2 ^T represents a novel species in a new genus of the class Alphaproteobacteria , for which the name Eilatimonas milleporae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is MD2 ^T ( = LMG 26586 ^T = DSM 25217 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.043976-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.043976-0
  
• Aureicoccus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from seawater [NEW TAXA: Bacteroidetes]
  A coccoid and amorphous-shaped, non-gliding, proteorhodopsin-containing, yellow bacterium, designated strain SG-18 ^T , was isolated from seawater in the western North Pacific Ocean near Japan. The strain was Gram-stain-negative, obligately aerobic, heterotrophic and oxidase-positive. It hydrolysed aesculin but not DNA, urea, gelatin or agar. Growth occurred in the presence of 1–5 % NaCl, with optimum growth at 2 % NaCl. The strain grew at 15–37 °C with an optimum temperature of 25–30 °C. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain SG-18 ^T was 47.0 mol% (HPLC). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-6, and major cellular fatty acids were iso-C _{15 : 1} G, iso-C _{15 : 0} , iso-C _{15 : 0} 3-OH. Phylogenetic trees generated by using 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SG-18 ^T belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae and showed 92.7 % sequence similarity to the most closely related species, Croceitalea eckloniae DOKDO 025 ^T . On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic features, strain SG-18 ^T is classified as representing a novel species of a new genus within the family Flavobacteriaceae , for which the name Aureicoccus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is SG-18 ^T ( = NBRC 108814 ^T = KCTC 23967 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.045104-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.045104-0
  
• Luteolibacter yonseiensis sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge using algal metabolites [NEW TAXA: Other Bacteria]
  A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated EBTL01 ^T , was isolated from activated sludge by using metabolites of microalgae Ankistrodesmus gracilis SAG278-2. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain EBTL01 ^T belongs to the family Verrucomicrobiaceae , class Verrucomicrobiae , and is related most closely to Luteolibacter pohnpeiensis A4T-83 ^T (95.5 % sequence similarity) and Luteolibacter algae A5J-41-2 ^T (95.2 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain EBTL01 ^T was 56.3 mol% and the menaquinone MK-9 was detected as the predominant quinone. Major fatty acid components were iso-C _{14 : 0} , C _{16 : 1} 7 c and C _{16 : 0} . The amino acids of the cell-wall peptidoglycan contained muramic acid and meso -diaminopimelic acid. These profile results supported the affiliation of strain EBTL01 ^T to the genus Luteolibacter . On the other hand, based on chemotaxonomic properties and phenotypic characteristics, strain EBTL01 ^T could be clearly differentiated from its phylogenetic neighbours. Therefore, strain EBTL01 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Luteolibacter , for which the name Luteolibacter yonseiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EBTL01 ^T ( = KCTC 23678 ^T = JCM 18052 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.046664-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.046664-0
  
• Streptomyces chiangmaiensis sp. nov. and Streptomyces lannensis sp. nov., isolated from the South-East Asian stingless bee (Tetragonilla collina) [NEW TAXA: Actinobacteria]
  Two novel actinomycetes, strains TA4-1 ^T and TA4-8 ^T, were isolated from the South-East Asian stingless bee ( Tetragonilla collina Smith 1857), collected from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of strains TA4-1 ^T and TA4-8 ^T were consistent with the genus Streptomyces , i.e. the formation of aerial mycelia bearing spiral spore chains, the presence of the ll -isomer of diaminopimelic acid in cell walls, iso- and anteiso-branched fatty acids with carbon chain lengths 14–17 atoms as the major fatty acids and MK-9(H ₈ ) as the predominant menaquinone plus minor amounts of MK-9(H ₆ ) and MK-9(H ₁₀ ). Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains TA4-1 ^T and TA4-8 ^T exhibited 98.8 and 98.1 % sequence similarity, respectively, with Streptomyces chromofuscus NRRL B-12175 ^T and 98.9 % sequence similarity with each other. This study suggested that strains TA4-1 ^T and TA4-8 ^T were distinct from previously described species of the genus Streptomyces . In addition, the low degrees of DNA–DNA relatedness between the isolates and S. chromofuscus JCM 4354 ^T warranted assigning strains TA4-1 ^T and TA4-8 ^T to two novel species. The names Streptomyces chiangmaiensis sp. nov. (type strain TA4-1 ^T = JCM 16577 ^T = TISTR 1981 ^T ) and Streptomyces lannensis sp. nov. (type strain TA4-8 ^T = JCM 16578 ^T = TISTR 1982 ^T ) are proposed. The species names indicate the geographical locations where the stingless bees reside.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.045930-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.045930-0
  
• Paracoccus tibetensis sp. nov., isolated from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau permafrost [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  Strain Tibet-S9a3 ^T was isolated from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau permafrost, China. The isolate was a Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming short rod. The 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain Tibet-S9a3 ^T was a member of the genus Paracoccus and was closely related to Paracoccus aestuarii B7 ^T (98.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), ‘ P. beibuensis ’ JLT1284 (97.9 %), P. homiensis DD-R11 ^T (97.4 %), P. zeaxanthinifaciens ATCC 21588 ^T (97.4 %) and other type strains of the genus (93.7–96.7 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.1 mol% and the major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10. The major fatty acids were C _{18 : 1} 7 c (87.6 %), C _{18 : 0} (4.3 %) and C _{10 : 0} 3-OH (2.0 %). DNA–DNA relatedness between strain Tibet-S9a3 ^T and P. aestuarii B7 ^T was 37.9 %. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, it is suggested that strain Tibet-S9a3 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Paracoccus , for which the name Paracoccus tibetensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Tibet-S9a3 ^T ( = CGMCC 1.8925 ^T = NBRC 105667 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041905-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.041905-0
  
• Sphingobium fontiphilum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater spring [NEW TAXA: Proteobacteria]
  To investigate the biodiversity of bacteria in the spring water of the Chengcing Lake Park in Taiwan, a Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming and aerobic bacterial strain, designated strain Chen16-4 ^T , was isolated and characterized in a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the closest relatives of strain Chen16-4 ^T were Sphingobium amiense YT ^T , Sphingobium yanoikuyae GIFU 9882 ^T and Sphingobium scionense WP01 ^T , with sequence similarities of 97.6, 97.1 and 97.0 %, respectively. A phylogenetic tree obtained with 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Chen16-4 ^T and these three closest relatives formed an independent phylogenetic clade within the genus Sphingobium . The polar lipid pattern, the presence of spermidine and ubiquinone Q-10, the predominance of C _{18 : 1} 7 c in the cellular fatty acid profile and the DNA G+C content also supported affiliation of the isolate to the genus Sphingobium . The DNA–DNA relatedness of strain Chen16-4 ^T with respect to recognized species of the genus Sphingobium was less than 70 %. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain Chen16-4 ^T represents a novel species in the genus Sphingobium , for which the name Sphingobium fontiphilum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Chen16-4 ^T ( = BCRC 80308 ^T = LMG 26342 ^T = KCTC 23559 ^T ).
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.046417-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.046417-0
  
• Morphology and morphogenesis of a soil ciliate, Rigidohymena candens (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2011 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha, Oxytrichidae), with notes on its molecular phylogeny based on small-subunit rDNA sequence data [EVOLUTION, PHYLOGENY AND BIODIVERSITY]
  The morphology and morphogenesis of the stylonychine hypotrich Rigidohymena candens (Kahl, 1932) Berger, 2011, isolated from garden soil in Qingdao, China, were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation methods. The Qingdao isolate possesses all diagnostic morphological characters of R. candens . The main events during binary fission are as follows: (i) the proter retains the parental adoral zone of membranelles entirely, whereas the old undulating membranes dedifferentiate into an anlage that gives rise to the leftmost frontal cirrus and the new undulating membranes of the proter; (ii) five streaks of fronto-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen are segmented in the pattern 3 : 3 : 3 : 4 : 4 from left to right, which form two frontal, four frontoventral, one buccal, five ventral and five transverse cirri, respectively; (iii) dorsal morphogenesis is in the typical Oxytricha pattern; (iv) three caudal cirri are formed, one at the posterior end of each of dorsal kineties 1, 2 and 4; and (v) the postoral ventral cirrus V/3 is not involved in primordia formation. The morphological and morphogenetic observations and phylogenetic analyses based on the small-subunit rDNA sequence data support the validity of Rigidohymena Berger, 2011 and its systematic position in the subfamily Stylonychinae.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.048611-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.048611-0
  
• Proposal of Zygosaccharomyces parabailii sp. nov. and Zygosaccharomyces pseudobailii sp. nov., novel species closely related to Zygosaccharomyces bailii [NEW TAXA: Eukaryotic Micro-organisms]
  Twenty-three yeast strains traditionally identified as Zygosaccharomyces bailii were studied in order to clarify their taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships. The molecular phylogeny from rRNA gene sequences showed that these yeasts were well divided into three major groups, and two of the groups could be clearly distinguished from the type strain of Z. bailii at the species level. Therefore, we propose Zygosaccharomyces parabailii sp. nov. (type strain ATCC 56075 ^T = NBRC 1047 ^T = NCYC 128 ^T = CBS 12809 ^T ) and Zygosaccharomyces pseudobailii sp. nov. (type strain ATCC 56074 ^T = NBRC 0488 ^T = CBS 2856 ^T ) to accommodate the yeasts belonging to the two groups. By conventional physiological tests, Z. bailii and the two novel species are not clearly distinguished from one another, as variations exist more frequently between individual strains and are not species-specific. However, the conclusions from rRNA gene sequence analyses are well supported by genome fingerprinting patterns as well as other protein-coding gene sequence comparisons.
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.048058-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.048058-0
  
• Phylogenetic placement of two previously described intranuclear bacteria from the ciliate Paramecium bursaria (Protozoa, Ciliophora): 'Holospora acuminata' and 'Holospora curviuscula' [EVOLUTION, PHYLOGENY AND BIODIVERSITY]
  ‘ Holospora acuminata ’ infects micronuclei of Paramecium bursaria ( Protozoa , Ciliophora ), whereas ‘ Holospora curviuscula ’ infects the macronucleus in other clones of the same host species. Because these micro-organisms have not been cultivated, their description has been based only on some morphological properties and host and nuclear specificities. One16S rRNA gene sequence of ‘ H. curviuscula ’ is present in databases. The systematic position of the representative strain of ‘ H. curviuscula ’, strain MC-3, was determined in this study. Moreover, for the first time, two strains of ‘ H. acuminata ’, KBN10-1 and AC61-10, were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all three strains belonged to the genus Holospora , family Holosporaceae , order Rickettsiales within the Alphaproteobacteria .
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.046631-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.046631-0
  
• International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes * Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Chlamydiae: Minutes of the closed meeting, 23 February 2011, Ascona, Switzerland [ICSP]
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.052290-0|hwp:master-id:ijs;ijs.0.052290-0
  
• Comamonas guangdongensis sp. nov., isolated from subterranean forest sediment, and emended description of the genus Comamonas [ERRATA]
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.X00006-0|hwp:resource-id:ijs;63/Pt_5/1936
  
• Pseudonocardia antitumoralis sp. nov., a deoxynyboquinone-producing actinomycete isolated from a deep-sea sediment [ERRATA]
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.X00005-0|hwp:resource-id:ijs;63/Pt_5/1936-a
  
• Jeongeupia chitinilytica sp. nov., a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from soil [ERRATA]
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.X00008-0|hwp:resource-id:ijs;63/Pt_5/1936-b
  
• Olivibacter jilunii sp. nov., isolated from DDT-contaminated soil [ERRATA]
  DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.x00007-0|hwp:resource-id:ijs;63/Pt_5/1937