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South African Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 0081-2463
Subject: psychology
Published by Sabinet Online Ltd

No Issue Number

Psychology - a multi-layered reality : editorial
<UL><LI>Author: Maree, Kobus </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 3</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 263-265</LI> <LI> : This is the sixth issue of the 
 since I became editor in February 2008, yet, for various reasons, this is my first editorial. I am well aware that any new editor will need great energy, enthusiasm, and dedication if he or she is to maintain the standard of previous volumes. This is indeed a daunting task in view of the outstanding work done by Martin Terre Blanche, previous editor, and his team. I would like to extend belated thanks to them for the way in which they handled all editorial activities, including giving empathic and timely feedback on submissions. </LI></UL>
Exploring religion, race and gender as factors in the life satisfaction and religiosity of young South African adults
<UL><LI>Author: Patel, Cynthia J. Ramgoon, Sarojini Paruk, Zubeda </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 3</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 266-274</LI> <LI> : We explored differences in religious and existential well-being, religiosity, and life satisfaction among university students across religion, race, and gender, by using an adapted version of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), the Religious Orientation Test (ROT), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). A convenience sample of 235 students participated in the study. The females (n = 188) reported significantly higher levels of religiosity and religious well-being than the males (n = 47). The white students (n = 43) were found to have lower religiosity levels than their black (n = 59) and Indian (n = 133) counterparts and higher life satisfaction scores than the black students. In the Indian sub-sample, the Muslim (n = 24) as well as the Christian (n = 29) students had higher levels of religiosity than the Hindu (n = 80) students. The Christian (Indian) students had significantly higher religious well-being scores than the Hindu (Indian) students. In line with past research, the correlations between life satisfaction, religiosity, and religious well-being were significant. As scores on the SWLS increased, levels of religiosity and religious well-being also increased. The implications of the findings and the limitations of the study are discussed. </LI></UL>
"Know Thyself!" a Lacanian model for understanding subjective complexity
<UL><LI>Author: Hurst, Andrea </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 3</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 275-288</LI> <LI> : The philosophical presupposition underlying this article is that theoretical "models" for self-understanding will only succeed if subjectivity is approached as a complex phenomenon defined in terms of necessary internal conflict. Lacan's articulation of three subjective registers (Real, Imaginary, and Symbolic) as a "Borromean knot" offers the basis for developing a model for self-understanding that does justice to this kind of complexity in human subjectivity. One may add to this that specific concerns and passions characterize each register. The ontological/existential concern of the Real engenders "ontophilia," the self-concern of the Imaginary "autophilia", and the concern for humanity in the Symbolic "anthrophilia". This articulation of registers and passions is further complexified by internal divisions between "paranoiac", "hysterical", and "paradoxical" styles of the passions. I aim to outline an adequately complex Lacanian model for self-understanding as an articulation of registers, passions, and styles. In an effort to make this accessible beyond the confines of Lacanian scholarship, it has been applied to well-known historical and contemporary figures. </LI></UL>
A profile of patients seen by fly-in clinical psychologists at a non-urban facility and implications for training and future services
<UL><LI>Author: Pillay, Anthony L. Kometsi, Molelekoa J. Siyothula, Evy-Terressah B. </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 3</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 289-299</LI> <LI> : With the serious mental health services deficits in non-urban communities, there is a need to evolve alternative approaches to facilitate access to care. Considering clinical psychology services are largely concentrated in the metropolitan areas, we describe a relatively unusual approach to providing services in an outlying area. The majority of patients attended to in this service are children and adolescents, and most patients have less than secondary-school education. The commonest diagnoses are mental retardation, mood and anxiety disorders, with the last two conditions mainly found in scholars and the unemployed. Fractured families are almost the norm, with four out of five children living with only one or no parents. Over half the patients are from families receiving a state grant. The majority of patients travel great distances to get to the clinical psychologists. The findings point to the need for clinical psychologists to seriously consider developing newer models for providing care, and the need for working outside of traditional approaches. </LI></UL>
A qualitative study of the multiple impacts of external workplace violence in two Western Cape communities
<UL><LI>Author: Bowman, Brett Bhamjee, Fatima Eagle, Gillian Crafford, Anne </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 3</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 300-313</LI> <LI> : We explore the individual, organisational, familial, and community impacts of external workplace violence in a South African telecommunications company, as perceived and experienced by victims of such violence and the members of management mandated to manage and prevent it. Exposure to violence while working dramatically and directly affected the lives of the individual victims. Moreover, its impacts were felt across and within the organisational, familial, and community settings in which these individuals are located daily. The use of conventional crisis management strategies that are traditionally directed at addressing the individual impacts of trauma through specialised psychological interventions were perceived to be ineffective by all of the research participants. Our findings therefore call into question current understandings of the psychologist's role in managing violence in the workplace. Accordingly, ways of re-conceptualising the role and requisite skill set of psychologists working with or in organisations, where violence while working is an everyday reality, are suggested. </LI></UL>
Measuring meaning in life in South Africa : validation of an instrument developed in the USA
<UL><LI>Author: De Klerk, Jeremias J. Boshoff, Adre B. Van Wyk, Rene </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 3</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 314-325</LI> <LI> : Investigations into the construct of meaning in life is an important focus area of psychological research. Research has consistently shown a sense of meaning in life to be a significant correlate of mental health and well-being. Most of this research on meaning in life is conducted worldwide with instruments developed in North America. However, inter-cultural measurement of psychological constructs is a concern, as psychometric instruments in one culture are not necessarily transferable to different cultures. In this case study, we examine whether the Life Regard Index (LRI), developed in the USA and a popular scale for measuring meaning in life, is transferable to a sample from South Africa. The results confirm the construct validity of the LRI, but indicate that the LRI's factor structure has changed and two of the original 28 items were not part of the covariance structure. From these results, we conclude that the LRI is transferable to the South African sample, but not irrespectively and without adjustments. It should be used as a one-dimensional instrument with only 26 items before applying it to the South African sample. The study provides evidence that LRI, which was developed in the USA and became a popular instrument for measuring meaning in life, cannot be transferred indiscriminately to a South African sample. This insight contributes to the quality of future research studies in South Africa, not only on the important aspect of life meaning, but also when applying other psychometric instruments developed elsewhere. </LI></UL>
Cognitive processing and narrative discourse production in children with ADHD
<UL><LI>Author: Moonsamy, Sharon Greenop, Kirston Jordaan, Heila </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 3</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 326-335</LI> <LI> : Children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have cognitive processing difficulties due to their disinhibition and attention deficits, which influence their scholastic performance. Cognitive processing also impacts on the production of oral narratives, an essential skill required for academic success. Therefore the relationship between cognitive processing and oral narratives is investigated. Thirty males, aged 9-11 years, were selected from English medium remedial schools and were assessed on the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS). The results were correlated to their performance on two narrative tasks, involving a Picture Sequence and a Personal Narrative. Measures of Cohesion and Coherence were analysed quantitatively. Participants' low Planning and Attention scores in this study confirmed the validity of the CAS as a diagnostic device for ADHD but were not significantly related to their oral narrative production. However, their approach to the task indicated insufficient use of planning. The structured task (picture sequence) yielded more complex stories than the unstructured task (personal narrative), which may be reflective of the participants' attention deficits. The findings suggest that narrative measures are useful instruments for oral language evaluation in children with ADHD. In addition, the importance of understanding oral narratives within a therapeutic situation is important for both therapist and child. </LI></UL>
Some implications of apartheid legacies in South African correctional centres
<UL><LI>Author: Hoffman, Sandra M. </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 3</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 336-346</LI> <LI> : I conducted critical research into the apparently unrelenting culture of violation in South Africa generally, and specifically in correctional centres. In defining violation, I slightly modify Fanon's definition of violence to encompass "any relation, process or condition by which an individual, organisation or group violates the physical, social and/or psychological integrity of [the self and] another person or group". I show that the authoritarian ideology underlying apartheid left structural legacies that undermine rehabilitation and transformation to a culture of mutual respect at interpersonal and institutional levels. I do so by contrasting some extant authoritarian indicators: top-down discipline and militarism, with indicators of mutual recognition and respect to show that both safety and rehabilitation are compromised by unnecessary perpetuation of authoritarian ideology in correctional centres. Critically questioning the traditional top-down structure and substituting mutuality as crucial to rehabilitation necessarily called for the application of theoretical assumptions consistent with intersubjectivity. I use a person-in-practice method whereby I juxtapose my own voice with those of clients, academics, society (as represented in the news media) and staff in the correctional system. This method streamlines as a coherent process, and an effective means to demonstrate my thesis. </LI></UL>
Defending a diagnostic pariah : validating the categorisation of Dissociative Identity Disorder
<UL><LI>Author: Traub, Craig M. </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 3</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 347-356</LI> <LI> : In past decades and still, in contemporary society, the notion and validity of the phenomenon of multiple personalities, or dissociative identities, within a single individual, have resulted in much debate and discord among mental health care professionals. Even with diverging opinions on the subject, the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders bears proof of the genuine nature of what is now termed Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). In this paper, the existence of DID per se is not questioned, but rather, whether this disorder can be reliably identified and validly categorised. There are four factors that will be assessed: childhood trauma, prevalence ratings, media influences, and psycho-physiological perspectives. First, traumatic experiences in childhood are commonly held to be the primary cause of this disorder; however, issues arise with regard to the intensity, duration and kind of abuse, as well as the measures in recording such abuse. Second, the prevalence ratings highlight the dramatic increase of diagnosis in the 1980s, with perspectives supporting both an under- and over-diagnosis of the disorder. Third, vast media influences may have played a role in the over-diagnosis of DID, such that the number of cases alters per person, and rates of ritual satanic abuse increased dramatically, with subsequent sharp decline. Last, psychophysiological experimental studies may suggest the validity of this diagnostic category, but these studies may also merely demonstrate the ability for intense concentration and / or a desire for roleplay. In essence, evidence either supporting or opposing the validity of current categorisation of this disorder seems to be unconvincing and inconclusive. However, depending on the perceived ontology of this disorder, further study may be directed toward parental coping strategies to reduce child abuse or mandatory warnings to practitioners on the susceptibility of certain patients. </LI></UL>
The relationship between thinking styles and emotional intelligence : an exploratory study
<UL><LI>Author: Murphy, A. Janeke, H.C. </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 3</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 357-375</LI> <LI> : In this study we explore the association between thinking styles and emotional intelligence. Participants (N = 309) completed Sternberg's Thinking Styles Inventory (TSI) and the Schutte Self-Report Inventory (SSRI) for emotional intelligence. Statistical analysis of the scores of the participants on the two instruments indicates that there is an overlap between the TSI and the SSRI, and suggests that they measure similar constructs. The results show that thinking styles are significant predictors of emotional intelligence and that participants who have high emotional intelligence prefer more complex and creative thinking styles. </LI></UL>
Addressing career obstacles within a changing higher education work environment : perspectives of academics
<UL><LI>Author: Pienaar, Cobus Bester, Coen </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 3</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 376-385</LI> <LI> : Many changes have occurred in Higher Education Institutions (HEI), which contribute to high levels of work stress among academic staff members and that impact on job satisfaction, job involvement and job engagement. Owing to these changes, academics attached to tertiary institutions are being confronted with specific career obstacles that impact negatively on their job satisfaction and productivity. Our purpose in this study was to determine, from the academic's point of view, the role that HEIs can play to address these obstacles. In terms of positive psychology, persons should not only become aware of their problems, but also come up with alternative solutions on how to address them. A sample of 93 academics from one university, representing the early, middle, and late career stages was selected. The data were obtained by means of the Delphi technique in order to enable respondents to reveal fully what they were experiencing. Respondents were requested to suggest specific actions that could be taken to address the career obstacles academics are confronted with. The most important solutions were related to better remuneration, more effective management of role overload, more effective performance management, more training and development opportunities, more support regarding individual career management, more effective general management, more support regarding research outputs, elimination of discrimination practices, transformation initiatives, encouraging of entrepreneurship, improvement of equipment and working conditions, creation of job security, and promotion of networking. </LI></UL>
Psychology - a multi-shaped crystal : editorial
<UL><LI>Author: Maree, Kobus </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 387-390</LI> <LI>Abstract: Nine months into 2009, the editorial team is delighted to confirm that it is on track to deliver the last issue of the year on schedule. This success can be attributed to a number of factors including the exceptional support from the editorial board, which has helped us reduce the backlog of articles that have been under review for more than five months. We have also finalised issue 40(1) (March 2010) and are in the process of compiling issue 40(2). The core editorial staff, including PsySSA president, Kopano Ratele; consulting editor, Anthony Pillay; consulting editor: statistics, Tyrone Pretorius; copy editors, Willy Nel and Martin Strous; and publishing editor, Erna Kinsey, are doing all they can to maintain on-time delivery and smooth running of the journal by dealing timeously (electronically or in person) with any potential problems. </LI></UL>
Subjective well-being : a general overview
<UL><LI>Author: Diener, Ed Ryan, Katherine </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 391-406</LI> <LI>Abstract: We provide a comprehensive review of the field of subjective well-being in terms of its societal and individual benefits, demographic correlates, theories of origin, and relationship to culture. Interventions to increase well-being are also presented as well as the argument that national accounts of well-being for public policy should be instituted and utilized, alongside economic and social indicators, to both reveal and improve the quality of life within nations. </LI></UL>
That strange thing called 'identifying'
- Author: Olivier, Bert
- Vol 39 Issue 4
- Publication: 2009
- Page: 407-419
- Abstract: Is the act of looking unavoidably accompanied by an act of identification (identifying), firstly in the sense of identifying a subject, and secondly of identifying objects as enduring? Identification of objects is here understood as the (unconscious) attribution of enduring identity or substantial sameness to objects in the human world, and of subjects as the experience or awareness of a relatively enduring identity or selfhood on the part of a human being. The exploration is taken in the direction of the structural dynamics of the 'act of identifying'. Here the work of mainly Lacan, Nancy, Kant, Silverman and Kierkegaard (and to a lesser extent, that of Husserl and Deleuze) is employed to clarify the various aspects of 'identifying' with someone or something. This includes Lacan's 'mirror stage' in conjunction with his early elaboration on aggressivity, as well as his register of the symbolic as the repository of ethical norms, Nancy's phenomenology of the image, Kant's notions of apperception, of the empirical and the transcendental self, Silverman's understanding of desire, and Kierkegaard's different models of the self, namely, the aesthetic and the ethical. Employing the theoretical lenses referred to above, the focus is shifted towards an illuminating instance of visual and linguistic (imaginary and symbolic) viewer identification in cinema to be able to elaborate on the theoretical work in question, namely, Minghella's The Talented Mr Ripley . An interpretive analysis of this film reveals that the reason why identifying visually and symbolically with a protagonist in a cinematic narrative becomes painfully and uncomfortably apparent to a viewer when such protagonists unexpectedly perform unconscionable actions, is related to the primary and secondary identifications at the imaginary and symbolic levels, especially regarding the ethical import of the latter.
Revisiting core issues in dynamic assessment
<UL><LI>Author: Murphy, Raegan Maree, D.J.F. </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 420-431</LI> <LI>Abstract: Dynamic assessment is currently poised at a juncture where theoretical and practical assessment resolutions are necessitated. Such issues concern theoretical approaches towards psycho-educational assessment. In order to partially explore these basic assessment approaches, a questionnaire was delivered via electronic mail to 100 international, currently active, dynamic assessment researchers and practitioners. The findings from the responses formed the basis for an informal content analysis, which was conducted utilising themes as primary meaning unit and word counts as secondary meaning unit of analyses. The one common and uniting feature about the current research in this area is the broad range of theoretical approaches towards assessment and the current lack of unanimity across types of approaches. Responses showed that varied theoretical frameworks are employed in dynamic assessments which do not necessarily cohere with other traditional approaches. It is contended that an exploratory revisiting of core assessment approaches would assist in positioning practitioners' and researchers' theoretical approaches in future assessments. </LI></UL>
Dominant and non-dominant groups' responses to social change : the economic transformation process in South Africa
<UL><LI>Author: Dumont, Kitty Van Lill, Burger </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 432-447</LI> <LI>Abstract: In the field study we examined the assumptions proposed by Social Identity Theory (SIT) that dominant and non-dominant groups differ systematically regarding the functional interaction between beliefs about the intergroup situation and identity management strategies. Participants were university students from three racial groups : blacks (N = 100), coloured (N = 100), as non-dominant groups, and whites (N = 100) as dominant group in post-apartheid South Africa. A multiple group path analysis to test SIT revealed systematic differences between dominant and non-dominant groups regarding the impact of perceived legitimacy on ingroup identification, perceived legitimacy on social competition and on individual mobility. Furthermore, the results showed that ingroup identification differentiates between individual and collective strategies irrespective of the groups' status positions. The results also highlight the different effects (or lack of effects) of the socio-structural variables in the SIT model, which is argued to be determined by the concrete socio-historical context of the respective intergroup relations. </LI></UL>
The coping orientation and resources of teachers educating learners with intellectual disabilities
<UL><LI>Author: Brown, Ottilia Howcroft, Greg Jacobs, Tracey </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 448-459</LI> <LI>Abstract: Stress in the teaching profession is a well-recognized phenomenon and, in addition, research has found special education to be more demanding than mainstream education. A literature study to date revealed that international and South African research on special education teachers and their coping with stress is sparse. We therefore aimed to explore and describe the coping orientation and resources of teachers educating learners with intellectual disabilities. An exploratory, descriptive survey design was employed in the study. Antonovsky's Orientation to Life Questionnaire (SOC-29) and Hammer and Marting's Coping Resources Inventory (CRI) was administered to 59 special education teachers in the Nelson Mandela Metropole, South Africa. Key findings revealed fairly high mean scores on the SOC-29 and average mean scores on the CRI. Significant positive correlations between the SOC-29 and the CRI total mean score and some of the subscale scores of the CRI were also evident. </LI></UL>
Behavioural change vis-á-vis HIV&AIDS knowledge mismatch among adolescents. The case of some selected schools in Zomba, Malawi
- Author: Mwale, Marisen
- Vol 39 Issue 4
- Publication: 2009
- Page: 460-467
- Abstract: Most researchers on adolescent reproductive health and related susceptibility to contracting HIV&AIDS have highlighted the ironical mismatch preponderant between adolescent knowledge of HIV&AIDS transmission dynamics and behavioural change exemplified in part by abstinence but also condom use. The paradox is compounded by the fact that survey data appear to depict heightened knowledge of the dynamics per se . Empirical data have previously posited variables such as peer pressure and other psychosocial factors as the crisis in adolescence in explaining the anomaly. Results in the current study, however, reveal the culture of silence; the disdain towards AIDS messages and retrogressive cultural practices as alternative explanation. The results were obtained through survey data from adolescent students in selected schools in Zomba, a district in southern Malawi, and are discussed within the larger context of the applicability of cognitive dissonance theory to the AIDS pandemic.
Reflexivity in the practice of social action : from self- to inter-relational reflexivity
<UL><LI>Author: Gilbert, Andrew Sliep, Yvonne </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 468-479</LI> <LI>Abstract: We explore the nature of reflexivity in the context of social action and community work. In using the term social action, we are referring to collective action which seeks to transform the nature of local and societal conditions. We characterise such action as the creation of a social space in which stakeholders, representing different interests, come together to engage in joint activities to address issues of inequality and power. In such contexts, reflexivity is something more than the 'self-reflexivity' of the individual stakeholder, as social action requires a joint deconstruction of power in the voices and relationships operating between the stakeholders within a performative space. We name this form of reflexivity 'inter-relational reflexivity' and explore what such reflexivity may look like. We will suggest that inter-relational reflexivity goes beyond self-reflexivity and occurs dialogically including a concern for moral agency and the negotiation of accountability and responsibility for action. This in turn could lead to the translation of critical awareness in relation to others into social action, referred to as performativity. </LI></UL>
To be or not to be a mother : exploring the notion of motherhood among university students
<UL><LI>Author: Mamabolo, Itumeleng Langa, Malose Kiguwa, Peace </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 480-488</LI> <LI>Abstract: We explored the notion of motherhood among female university students. Unstructured individual interviews were conducted with seven final-year female students at the University of the Witwatersrand. The data were analysed and various themes were categorised into manageable units. The findings suggest that many female students are ambivalent about motherhood and becoming mothers, with preferences for being career mothers set against preferences for establishing a career first. This conflict was further evident in sentiments of motherhood as being natural and obligatory. </LI></UL>
Suicide-related behaviours among secondary school adolescents in the Welkom and Bethlehem areas of the Free State province (South Africa)
<UL><LI>Author: Mashego, T-A.B. Madu, S.N. </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 489-497</LI> <LI>Abstract: Our aim was to investigate suicide-related behaviours among secondary school adolescents in the Free State province, South Africa. Participants in this study were 142 secondary school adolescents selected from urban and rural schools around Welkom and Bethlehem, in the Free State. A stratified random sampling method was used to select the schools. Eighty-six (60.6%) participants were female, and 56 (39.4%) were male. They were aged between 12 and 19 years, with a mean age of 16.18 years (SD = 1.72). A questionnaire was used to obtain participants' demographic data, suicidal behaviours (suicidal ideation, thoughts, plans, and attempts), the severity of the suicidal attempt (where applicable) and how often suicidal attempts took place. Results show that the prevalence of extreme (pervasive) cases of suicidal ideation (i.e. almost every day in the past two weeks) is 12.0% (10.7% for males and 12.8% for females). There is no significant difference between suicidal ideation among males and among females. The prevalence of suicidal plans in the past two weeks and 'ever' (lifetime) were 7.7% and 18.3%, respectively. The prevalence of suicidal attempts in the past two weeks and 'ever' (lifetime) were 4.2% and 14.8%, respectively. There is no significant difference between the prevalence among males and females, early adolescents and late adolescents, adolescents from the Southern Sotho background and those from non-Southern Sotho speaking groups. Mental health workers and educators should use the above findings as baseline information when planning preventive and therapeutic strategies for the minimization of suicidal behaviours among adolescents in the province. The findings should also be considered when making policies on the health priority areas for funding. </LI></UL>
Humour in Gestalt therapy - curative force and catalyst for change : a case study
<UL><LI>Author: Jacobs, Susanne </LI><LI>Vol 39 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 498-506</LI> <LI>Abstract: I report on the findings of a study into the use of humour in therapy, which forms part of ongoing attempts to identify new ways in which to enhance therapy towards a positive experience for both client and therapist. In contrast to the many clinical papers that deal with the patient's inability to cry and mourn, few discuss the inability to laugh or use wit and humour. Most research points to this behaviour as a maladaptive response and uses humour for developmental assessment. In contrast, this exploratory article describes a single case, where the client revealed a habitually resisted contact through deflection and where she moved from a denial state to full awareness to emotional wellness through the use of humour techniques. Furthermore, it is argued that humour can be taught and used constructively as a coping mechanism in potentially harmful situations. In addition, humour can create awareness with the client, therapist and other users to improve humour capabilities. </LI></UL>
Call for Papers : Guest Issue of South African Journal of PsychologyVolume 40(4), December 2010Facing the archive : living through and with apartheid
<UL><LI>Vol 39 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2009</LI> <LI>Page: 507</LI> <LI>Abstract: Call for Papers : Guest Issue of South African Journal of Psychology Volume 40(4), December 2010 Facing the archive : living through and with apartheid </LI></UL>
No Issue Number
Hypnotherapy in the 21st Century : call for papers : guest issue of South African Journal of Psychology
<UL><LI>Author: Maree, Kobus </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 508</LI> <LI>Abstract: Guest issue : Hypnotherapy in the 21st Century Volume 41(4), December 2011 Guest Editor: Kobus Maree </LI></UL>
Academic psychobiography in South Africa : past, present and future
<UL><LI>Author: Fouche, Paul </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 495-507</LI> <LI>Abstract: Our aim is to highlight the past, present and future state of affairs of South African psychobiography. Particular attention is given to the trends and the challenges faced by academic psycho-biographers in South Africa. Over the past decade psychobiography has evolved into an established research genre and has become a methodology used by various academics and post-graduate research scholars at South African universities. Psychobiography entails the study of historically significant and extraordinary individuals over their entire life spans with the aim to uncover and reconstruct their lives psychologically. These longitudinal case studies include the psychological study of personalities in diverse occupational fields such as architecture, arts and literature, business and entrepreneurship, politics, religion and spirituality, sport, science, as well as the popular biographies of celebrities. Psycho-biographical studies in South Africa have been nurtured in the departments of psychology at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Rhodes University, the University of Johannesburg, and the University of the Free State. Most of these biographical studies have been completed as postgraduate r research endeavours in master's and doctoral degree programmes in psychology where academic staff have initiated and grown psychobiography as a strategic research focus area within their faculties. Psycho-biographical research has considerable logistical and administrative value for postgraduate research and the supervision process, and is also of academic benefit to the theoretical development of South African psychology. In South Africa an array of exemplary personalities constitute a 'hall of fame'. </LI></UL>
The effect of institutional racism on student family circumstances : a human capabilities perspective
- Author: Bozalek, Vivienne
- Vol 40 Issue 4
- Publication: 2010
- Page: 487-494
- Abstract: In apartheid South Africa institutional racism was embedded in the practice of rationing resources and power in order to achieve social exclusion through formally legitimated state policies. In this article, Nussbaum's list of human capabilities is used as a framework for analysing and presenting data from student accounts of institutional racism. Social work students at the University of the Western Cape (UWC), South Africa, compiled their own Family-in-Community profiles by responding to questions on various forms of discrimination, which were designed to elicit their reflections on their families' experiences. The human capabilities approach addresses the following question: what, according to students' accounts, did institutional racism allow them to do and be, or prevent them from doing and being? In other words, how did students see themselves and their family members faring in the context of institutional racism? In this article five items on Nussbaum's list of human capabilities are focused upon in order to demonstrate how institutional racism in South Africa affected the lives of the student participants and their families. The students' accounts indicate that the capabilities outlined in Nussbaum's approach were strongly compromised in the case of their families.
From their perspective : explanations of patterns of racialised social interactions among a group of post-apartheid adolescents
<UL><LI>Author: Keizan, Stacey Duncan, Norman </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 465-486</LI> <LI>Abstract: We explore a group of adolescents' interpretations of patterns of racial integration and segregation at a racially integrated high school in Gauteng. The article is based on a study that was conducted in two phases. The first phase of the study, which is reported elsewhere, involved naturalistic observation of the patterns of social integration and segregation, primarily on the basis of 'race', occurring among a group of post-apartheid adolescents during 'free' time at a desegregated co-educational private high school. A dominant pattern of social self-segregation on the basis of 'race' was noted in this phase of the research. The second phase of the research, which is the focus of this article, involved a focus group discussion with eight adolescents at a different desegregated co-educational private high school. In the focus group discussion the adolescents confirmed the racialised nature of the dominant pattern of social self-segregation at the school where observations were conducted (as reflected to them in a set of photographs) as well as in their own social experiences. Their explanations and justifications for-segregation reflected a range of contradictions and included the racialisation of interests, the naturalisation of segregation, homophily, socialisation, and the avoidance of conflict or threat. The numerous contradictions noted in the participants' explanations as well as their use of various psychological defences and positive self-presentation strategies highlighted the highly complex affective nature of intergroup relations and the manifest dilemmas characterising their social experiences and everyday realities. </LI></UL>
Children, pathology and politics : a genealogy of the paedophile in South Africa between 1944 and 2004
<UL><LI>Author: Bowman, Brett </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 443-464</LI> <LI>Abstract: By the early 1990s the paedophile as a 'type' of child sexual abuse (CSA) perpetrator was prioritised for study and intervention by the South African socio-medical sciences, and cases of paedophilia featured prominently in the media reporting of the time. Drawing on the genealogical method as derived from Michel Foucault, this study aimed to account for this relatively recent emergence of the paedophile as an object of socio-medical study and social anxiety within the South African archive. Based on an analysis of archival texts against the backdrop of international biopolitics and local conditions of political possibility, the genealogy contends that the early figure of the paedophile was an instrument and effect of apartheid biopolitics. The paedophile was prioritised for research and escalated as a social threat in the public imagination as part of the broader apartheid project aimed at protecting white hegemony through the ongoing surveillance of and health interventions directed towards South Africa's white children. While the apartheid project constructed black children as posing fundamental threats to white supremacy, discourses beginning in the mid-1980s repositioned them as vulnerable victims of apartheid itself. It was from within these discourses that child sexual abuse (CSA) as a public health concern began to crystallise. By locating blackness within the fields of discipline and desire, the material conditions for an ever-expanding net of sexual surveillance were established. The study therefore demonstrates that even the paedophile cannot be effectively researched without considering the historical co-ordinates that so powerfully contoured its emergence as an important object of study and social intervention within South Africa's highly racialised systems of thought. </LI></UL>
Engaging with the Apartheid Archive Project : voices from the South African diaspora in Australia
<UL><LI>Author: Sonn, Christopher C. </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 432-442</LI> <LI>Abstract: There is a growing recognition of the importance of storytelling and autobiographical work in critical approaches to social inquiry. This approach is central to liberation psychology that emphasises the importance of deconstructing ideologies of race as part of the process of empowerment. In this article I draw on this approach to discuss themes that have emerged in research in Australia with 'coloured' South African immigrants about identity construction following relocation. The themes include the effects of responses to apartheid, unspoken memory, and liberating reconstructions of identities. These are discussed in relation to the narratives submitted to the Apartheid ArchiveProject (hereinafter referred to as Archive). It is suggested that the Archive is key to legitimising silenced knowledge and unspoken memories. It will also provide a basis from which to explore how people combine histories, social and cultural resources within new contexts, and reveal how people remake identities as well as the ways in which ideologies of race are reproduced through discourses and everyday practices. </LI></UL>
Through her eyes : relational references in black women's narratives of Apartheid racism
<UL><LI>Author: Sullivan, LaKeasha G. Stevens, Garth </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 414-431</LI> <LI>Abstract: We explore the relational nature of race and racism as manifested in women's narratives within the Apartheid Archive Project - a compendium of narratives related to quotidian apartheid experiences generated by "ordinary" people. We argue that apartheid was not only a system of interconnected social, political and economic structures that oppressed, but that it required those who lived under it to enforce it in supremely intimate ways. It is from within this context that this article explores the relational nature of apartheid narratives by black women, with an emphasis on polysemy, or the possibility that the narratives may have multiple meanings and functions. We found that their stories reflected a diverse range of social positioning, with discursive themes drawing on both hegemonic and subordinated discourses of race and gender, and reflecting the nature of black women's social locations within South African society in both the past and the present. Discursive themes illustrating black women's silences, solidarity, voice and mastery are highlighted in the article. Utilising elements of critical discourse analysis within a qualitative framework, this article makes provisional commentaries about the intersection of race and gender during apartheid, and in post-apartheid South Africa, and attempts to highlight the need for an ongoing critical engagement with racialised and gendered subjectivities as historical and contemporary social phenomena. </LI></UL>
The influence of the family on interracial intimate relationships in post-apartheid South Africa
<UL><LI>Author: Jaynes, Claire </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 396-413</LI> <LI>Abstract: This study sought to identify and explore discourses on interracial intimate relationships, and to investigate their possible intersections with discourses on racism. Thompson's method of depth hermeneutics, of which critical discourse analysis is a component, was employed to analyse data generated by two focus group discussions and interviews with two heterosexual, interracial couples. The original study demonstrated the way in which discourses on interracial intimate relationships in post-apartheid South Africa intersect with discourses on race and racism. This article restricts its focus to how discourses related to the family were employed in order to deny, negate and justify opposition to interracial intimate relationships. The article ultimately demonstrates how the ideological construction of the family may be seen as maintaining a racially stratified South African society. </LI></UL>
Facing the Apartheid Archive, or, of archons and researchers
<UL><LI>Author: Laubscher, Leswin </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 370-381</LI> <LI>Abstract: The Apartheid Archives project collects narratives of Apartheid experiences, which are archived and provide source material for academic research. Using selected writings of the philosophers, Jacques Derrida and Emmanuel Levinas with which to buttress its arguments, this article maintains that a particular ethical responsibility accrues, fundamentally, to the researcher of the post-Apartheid archive. Indeed, it is argued that this researcher, as an archon, does not guard or collect a past as much as it offers a future, and is oriented towards a messianic justice. </LI></UL>
Narrating gender and sex in and through apartheid divides
<UL><LI>Author: Shefer, Tamara </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 382-395</LI> <LI>Abstract: In this article I reflect on the way in which racist practices intersect with gender as this emerges in narratives on living through apartheid, from a group of academics in contemporary South Africa. A wide range of literature has explored the complex intersections of 'race', gender, class and other forms of difference and power inequality through the history of South Africa before, during and after apartheid. The continued intersection of gender with racist practices and other forms of inequality is more than evident in post-apartheid South Africa and reflected in multiple contexts. While a number of stories of women and their experiences of the violent forms of the intersection of gendered apartheid through rape and abuse have been documented by the TRC and other forms of interrogation, the more 'normal' stories of how racist and gendered practices played themselves out in patriarchal apartheid South Africa are arguably not widely documented other than in theoretical terms. A narrative analysis located within a broad discourse analytic framework is utilised here, which foregrounds experiences in the narratives that reflect broader ideologies on 'race', class, culture, gender and sexuality and their enmeshment with each other that were salient in apartheid South Africa and arguably are still of relevance today. I explore some of the multiple and complex ways, many of them not new to us, in which normative gender roles and gender power relations, and sexual and intimate practices intersect with racialised discourse and racist practices in home, work and public spaces through the stories that participants tell. </LI></UL>
Editorial : towards a psychology of South Africa's histories - living with and through the apartheid archive
<UL><LI>Author: Bowman, Brett Duncan, Norman Sonn, Christopher </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 365-369</LI> <LI>Abstract: The articles that constitute this special issue demonstrate that the collapse of formal apartheid has not erased its powerful racist imprint on the psychic lives and subjectivities of South Africans. Together, these articles show that apartheid continues to shape our inner-worlds, everyday relationships and systems of thinking. As such, this special issue ultimately hopes to contribute to the growing body of literature that insists that real South African transformation will never be realised without moving beyond material redress and acknowledging the importance of remembering. </LI></UL>
Editorial : psychology - tracing the SAJP's progress in helping shape the future of psychology in South Africa
<UL><LI>Author: Maree, Kobus </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 1-4</LI> <LI>Abstract: It is hard to believe that we have reached the end of the first term of the year already. As mentioned on previous occasions, the SAJP's success can be attributed to many factors including the exceptional support from the editorial board, which, among other things, has helped us reduce the backlog of articles. Only a few articles currently in our offices have been under review for longer than five months and even fewer for longer than four months. </LI></UL>
Understanding the seating patterns in a residence-dining hall : a longitudinal study of intergroup contact
<UL><LI>Author: Schrieff, Leigh E. Tredoux, Colin G. Finchilescu, Gillian Dixon, John A. </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 5-17</LI> <LI>Abstract: Using a combination of observational and questionnaire methods, this longitudinal study investigated interracial contact in a university residence dining hall, focusing on the organization of seating patterns. The results showed that informal division by race was extensive, with indices of interaction (xPy*) and evenness (D) indicating the existence of high levels of racial segregation. Moreover, although they had ample opportunities for regular contact, students' preferences for sitting with samerace peers remained relatively constant across the study period. Their explanations for seating choices emphasised the role of wider friendship patterns as well as the importance of eating with people with whom they felt 'comfortable'. </LI></UL>
A decade later : follow-up review of South African research on the consequences of and contributory factors in teen-aged pregnancy
<UL><LI>Author: Macleod, Catriona Ida Tracey, Tiffany </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 18-31</LI> <LI>Abstract: In this paper, we review South African research conducted in the last 10 years on the consequences of and contributory factors in teen-aged pregnancy. We discuss research into the rates of teen-aged pregnancy, the intentionality and wantedness of pregnancy, the disruption of schooling, health issues, consequences for the children, welfare concerns, knowledge and use of contraception, timing of sexual debut, age of partner, coercive sexual relations, cultural factors and health service provision. We compare this discussion to the reviews on the same topic appearing in the South African Journal of Psychology a decade ago. We find that there are several changes in focus in the research on pregnancy amongst young women. We conclude that, in general, there has been an improvement in the breadth of data available, mostly as a result of representative national and local surveys. A better teasing out of nuances around particular issues and a grappling with theoretical issues are also evident in recent research. </LI></UL>
Stress-induced impairment of spatial navigation in females
<UL><LI>Author: Thomas, Kevin G.F. Laurance, Holly E. Nadel, Lynn Jacobs, W. Jake </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 44-53</LI> <LI>Abstract: Earlier work predicted that the physiological effects of an acute stressor disrupt a neurological system underlying cognitive-map (CM) guided navigation, but leave intact systems underlying landmark (LM) guided navigation. This prediction has been only partially confirmed. Furthermore, no-one has investigated sex differences in the relations between acute stress and spatial navigation, even though stress affects verbal memory and decision-making performance of males and females differently. We administered the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a standardized laboratory procedure designed to induce mild psychosocial stress, to 15 healthy undergraduates to examine the effects of acute stress on CM- and LM-guided navigation in men and women. They, and a demographically matched control group of 14 undergraduates, completed a virtual environment navigation task. Exposure to the TSST disrupted CM-guided (but not LM-guided) navigation in women, but affected neither in men. The data partially support the previous work, and offer novel findings regarding the relative vulnerability to acute psychosocial stress of CM-based navigation in females. </LI></UL>
Temperament styles in Zimbabwean early adolescents : a Rasch measurement model analysis
<UL><LI>Author: Mpofu, Elias Oakland, Thomas Gwirayi, Pesanayi </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 44-53</LI> <LI>Abstract: The structure of temperament styles was investigated using Rasch analysis methods with data from 397 (46% males) Zimbabwean early adolescents. The students completed the Student Styles Questionnaire (SSQ), a 69 item children's self-report measure of temperament styles that uses a forced choice item format. Each item was scored as a dichotomous Rasch scale variable. Principal component analysis of the standardized residuals yielded unidimensional latent temperament variables for extroversion-introversion (EI), practical-imaginative (PM), thinking-feeling (TF), and organized-flexible (OL) styles. Higher endorsements were found for extroversion (E) than introversion (I) styles, for practical (P) than imaginative (M) styles, for feeling (F) than thinking (T) styles, and for organized (O) than flexible (L) styles. TF style indicators seemingly were targeted more appropriately to the Zimbabwean adolescents than were EI, OL, and PM styles. Rasch modelling methods appear to have merit when constructing and using interval scale measures of temperament styles from forced choice data. </LI></UL>
Emotional intelligence : an integral part of positive psychology
<UL><LI>Author: Bar-On, Reuven </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 54-62</LI> <LI>Abstract: Both ''emotional intelligence'' and ''positive psychology'' are rapidly becoming very visible, popular and important areas within psychology. This article suggests that emotional intelligence should be considered an integral part of positive psychology. Empirical findings are presented that support this notion in addition to examining the way both disciplines have been described, defined and conceptualised over the past decade. This approach to categorising emotional intelligence is one way of justifying where it should be placed within the field of psychology. In light of the fact that the current article addresses this issue directly and based on the specific approach which is applied, it is hoped that this publication will represent a useful contribution to the literature. </LI></UL>
Group art therapy with sexually abused girls
<UL><LI>Author: Pretorius, Gertie Pfeifer, Natascha </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 63-73</LI> <LI>Abstract: The psychological impact of child sexual abuse has been widely researched. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a group art therapy intervention designed by the authors aimed at reducing depression, anxiety, sexual trauma and low self-esteem among 25 sexually abused girls aged 8-11 years. The programme was based on existential-humanistic, Gestalt, client-centred and abuse-focused principles. The Solomon four-group design was used to investigate the efficacy of the intervention, and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children and Human Figure Drawing were used as measures for assessing symptom change. The results indicated that the experimental groups improved significantly compared to the control groups with regard to anxiety and depression. The study adds to the literature on therapeutic approaches that can be applied to sexually abused children and on the use of group art therapy as an intervention technique. </LI></UL>
University students' beliefs about the causes and treatments of mental illness
<UL><LI>Author: Samouilhan, Tanya Seabi, Joseph </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 74-89</LI> <LI>Abstract: Limited or incorrect mental health knowledge has been shown to result in negative attitudes toward mental illness and the seeking of psychological treatment. We endeavoured to investigate university students' beliefs about the etiology and treatment of mental illness. The sample comprised 112 students from the faculties of Law and Engineering of a large South African university. A three-part questionnaire was administered, which consisted of a section on demographic information, a vignette scale measuring the students' choice(s) of etiological factors and treatments for four types of mental illness, and Fischer and Farina's Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale - Shortened Form ATSPPH-SF. The results indicated that the participants viewed stressful events as leading to both depression and substance abuse, chemical imbalance as a cause of schizophrenia, and negative social factors as causing anorexia nervosa. The overall top-rated treatment across the four disorders was professional psychological intervention as chosen by 48% of the participants. The results also indicated a number of significant relationships between etiological and treatment beliefs. The findings are discussed in the context of the literature, and recommendations for future research are made. </LI></UL>
Perceptions of registered counsellor efficacy
<UL><LI>Author: Elkonin, Diane S. Sandison, Alida </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 90-96</LI> <LI>Abstract: The registration category of the Registered Counsellor has resulted in on ongoing debate regarding the training and efficacy of these practitioners in the delivery of psychological services. Although the category has been in existence for some years there is little evidence that the category is fulfilling the purpose for which it was developed, namely, to supply psychological services at a primary health-care level. Our aim in this article is to explore the roles that registered counsellors play in their practicum placements, in order to better understand and to provide evidence of the practical value of the skills and expertise that they can offer in a variety of settings. Through the use of semi-structured questionnaires, in face to face and telephone surveys, 15 supervisors were interviewed to obtain their perceptions and experiences of the efficacy of the registered counsellors and the role that registered counsellor trainees play in their different placement settings. Findings were extremely positive in terms of the perceived value of the registered counsellor across a variety of settings. </LI></UL>
Comparing native signing, late-signing and orally trained deaf children's 'theory of mind' abilities
<UL><LI>Author: Van Staden, Annalene </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 97-106</LI> <LI>Abstract: I argue that language skills and social interaction, specifically quality social discourse (reciprocal interaction) concerning mental states are pivotal in the development of social understanding and 'theory of mind' development. Thus, this research is grounded and positioned within the theories of social constructivism. 'Theory of mind' development in relation to language acquisition, social interaction and the assessment of 'false-belief' is presented. In addition, the advantage that Sign Language offers in the early years of a deaf child's life is clearly demonstrated, by comparing the performance of native signing deaf children with deaf parents and late-signing and orally trained deaf children of hearing parents on different 'false-belief' tasks. In contrast to deaf children of hearing parents, deaf children who have deaf parents, are provided with natural access and exposure to Sign Language. As a result, native signing deaf children demonstrate developmental benchmarks in 'theory of mind' acquisition similar to typical developing hearing children. </LI></UL>
An interactionist model of self-concept and eating habits
<UL><LI>Author: Lessing, A.C. De Beer, N.D. </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 107-117</LI> <LI>Abstract: Our aim was to determine whether a negative self-concept and unhealthy eating habits of adolescents could improve after being exposed to a psycho-educational programme involving cognitive-behaviour therapy and hypnotherapy. A qualitative investigation was done with nine adolescents ranging between 12 and 18 years of age. An initial situation analysis was done to identify adolescents with unhealthy eating habits and problematic self-concepts. Support was given in a number of individual and group therapy sessions, focusing on eating habits, cognitive distortions and self-concept. From the evaluation of the outcome of the intervention, it appears that the proposed Interactionist Model of Self-concept and Eating Habits can be used as an effective therapeutic instrument in a psycho-educational intervention programme when working with adolescents with unhealthy eating habits and problematic self-concepts. </LI></UL>
Ronald Charles Albino (1916 - 2009) : obituary
<UL><LI>Author: MJD </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 118</LI> <LI>Abstract: He was Professor and Head of the Psychology Department at the University of Natal from 1963 until his retirement in 1980. During those years he was elected to the Senate and its executive committee and he served on the University Council for eight years. He was also Dean of the Faculty of Science and a member of the Committees of Control of the Institute for Social Research at his University and of the Meyrick Bennett Centre in Durban. He held membership of the British Psychological Society, the South African Medical and Dental Council, the (non-racial) South African Psychological Association, and the Experimental Psychology Society of University College, London. </LI></UL>
Editorial : reconsidering psychosocial reality in the 21st century - the need for psychosocial services
<UL><LI>Author: Maree, Kobus </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 119-124</LI> <LI>Abstract: As you page through this issue of SAJP, you will quickly become aware of the increased emphasis that is placed on finding ways to deal with the psychological problems, which have become largely synonymous with 21st century psychology reality: burnout, anxiety, stress, and lack of empathy and social support. You will also no doubt soon share the concern of the contributors to this issue about the need to provide not only psychological support but also psychosocial support to the most vulnerable sections of our society: the poorest of the poor, the marginalised, the 'voiceless'. </LI></UL>
Temperament and character correlates of neuropsychological performance
<UL><LI>Author: Cassimjee, Nafisa Murphy, Raegan </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 125-138</LI> <LI>Abstract: We investigate the association between temperament and character dimensions, on the one hand, and computerised neuropsychological test performance, on the other hand. Temperament and character dimensions were operationalised as scores on the subscales of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), a 240-item measure that is based on the psychobiological theory of personality. Neuropsychological outcomes were measured on six computerised tests of executive functioning and abstract reasoning from the University of Pennsylvania Computerised Neuropsychological Test Battery (PennCNP). The executive and abstract reasoning tasks included a test of Motor Praxis (MPRAXIS), the Penn Abstraction, Inhibition and Working Memory Task (AIM), the Letter-N-Back (LNB2), the Penn Conditional Exclusion Task (PCET), the Penn Short Logical Reasoning Task (SPVRT) and the Short Raven's Progressive Matrices (SRAVEN). Results from this exploratory study yielded significant associations between neuropsychological performance and temperament and character traits. The temperament traits of Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence were positively correlated with reaction time on the AIM and the SPVRT. The character dimension of Self-Transcendence was significantly associated with performance accuracy on the AIM and the temperament dimension of Novelty Seeking was inversely related to performance accuracy on the LNB2. These results confirm the importance of addressing the temperament and character correlates of neuropsychological performance in both clinical and non-clinical studies. </LI></UL>
Piaget, Vygotsky, and the cultural development of the notions of possibility and necessity : an experimental study among rural South African learners
<UL><LI>Author: Muthivhi, Azwihangwisi E. </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 139-148</LI> <LI>Abstract: I employ the theories of Vygotsky and Piaget in analysing the modes of experimental task performance in order to elaborate on the role that cultural content plays in the development and functioning of the notions of possibility and necessity. I challenge the notion of cognitive lag that has hitherto pervaded explanations of the development of subjects from non-industrialised, diverse socio-cultural settings. A Piagetian experimental task, comprising half circles of contrasting colours, is used in the investigation. One of these half circles, covered with tinfoil, is assumed to be either red or green in colour but not knowable in advance, and it is used as a basis for hypothesising about the possible colour values of circles that could be made from combining this half with the uncovered one. Eighty Venda-speaking learners, 20 learners from each of four grades (Grades 1, 3, 5, and 7), with ages ranging from an average 6.5 years in Grade 1 to 12.5 years in Grade 7, participated in the study. The results reveal that learners, although functioning at the operational level of thinking, employ both concrete-functional and formal-abstract and conceptual modes of thinking at the same time. Thus the concept of possibility is conceptualised as constituting both its concrete, functional form (involving a conception of the possible as the possible-real) and its formal, conceptual form (involving the conception of the possible as a hypothetical state of affairs, disembedded from its concrete context of problem manifestation and involving holding two or more cognitive categories constant during problem solving). </LI></UL>
Secondary Traumatic Stress, level of exposure, empathy and social support in trauma workers
<UL><LI>Author: MacRitchie, Victoria Leibowitz, Stacey </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 149-158</LI> <LI>Abstract: In South Africa the incidence of violent crime is an everyday occurrence that affects the majority of the population directly and / or indirectly. Research reveals that counselling victims of violent crime may cause psychological symptoms in trauma workers, which in turn may lead to Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS). However, despite this knowledge, there appear to be very few trauma studies that focus on trauma workers. Furthermore there also appears to be a lack of studies that focus on the roles that key variables play in the transmission of STS. Therefore through the analysis of 64 self-report questionnaires, we aim to explore the psychological impact on trauma workers who work with 'victims' of violent crimes, specifically focusing on the level of exposure to traumatic material; level of empathy; level of perceived social support and their relation to STS. In order to test these hypotheses, analysis comprised simple statistics, correlations, a t test and a moderate multiple regression. Results indicate that the trauma workers, to some extent, experience symptoms of STS. In addition, it was found that previous exposure to traumatic material (in the personal lives of counsellors), level of empathy, and level of perceived social support have a significant relationship with STS. Social support was not found to have a moderating effect, but empathy emerged as a consistent moderator between the trauma workers' previous exposure to traumatic material and STS. </LI></UL>
Personality styles of patients with bipolar disorder : an exploratory study
<UL><LI>Author: Laher, Sumaya Rebolo, Carla </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 159-164</LI> <LI>Abstract: The relationship that exists between personality and bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex one with numerous published studies yielding conflicting results. Thus we intended to ascertain whether a relationship exists between personality and bipolar disorder in a South African sample of 23 bipolar individuals. The MCMI-III was used to confirm the diagnosis of BD and to measure personality styles. A significant relationship between bipolar disorder and the following personality styles was found: avoidant, passive-aggressive, antisocial and depressive. A significant relationship between BD and debasement was also found. No significant gender differences were found for the personality styles. These results are discussed in the light of research on BD and personality. </LI></UL>
Simultaneous and sequential cognitive processing in monolingual and bilingual children in South Africa
<UL><LI>Author: De Sousa, Diana Soares Greenop, Kirston Fry, Jessica </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 165-173</LI> <LI>Abstract: Academic success is correlated with simultaneous and sequential cognitive processing. The cognitive processing skills of bilingual children have come under scrutiny. Cognitive processing may be mediated by level of orthographic transparency, level of bilingualism, and language of instruction at school. Given the imperative of assessing the impact of bilingualism and multilingualism on learning, the performance of 30 monolingual English and 30 bilingual Afrikaans-English third grade children was compared on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) simultaneous and sequential processing standard scales. The K-ABC is relatively culture fair with low language requirements. We did not find any significant differences between the two groups on the global simultaneous-sequential scales, but significant differences were found on two specific subtests of the K-ABC: Hand Movements and Matrix Analogies. Findings provide overall support for the usefulness of the K-ABC as a measure of cognitive processing for children from diverse cultural-linguistic backgrounds, but with the understanding that a monolingual and a bilingual literacy-learning environment influences cognitive processing skills on specific cognitive tasks on the K-ABC. Importantly, the unchanged Hand Movements subtest and a modified version of the Matrix Analogies subtest (i.e. Pattern Recognition) is used in the K-ABC II, not yet widely used in South Africa. This study has important implications for using the K-ABC and K-ABC II across cultural-linguistic groups, for educational purposes. </LI></UL>
The significance of sub-threshold symptoms of anxiety in the aetiology of bruxism
<UL><LI>Author: Basson, Reneda A. Mwaba, Kelvin Rossouw, Roelof J. Geerts, Greta A.V.M. Kotze, Theunis J.vW. Stuhlinger, Martin E. </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 174-181</LI> <LI>Abstract: Bruxism is the oral parafunctional habit of clenching and grinding the teeth. It occurs mainly unconsciously, diurnally and / or nocturnally. It is considered an important contributory factor in the aetiology of myofascial pain and temporomandibular joint disorders and derangements. The aetiology of bruxism is considered to be multifactorial, involving both physiological and psychological factors. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the sub-threshold symptoms of anxiety and bruxism, using a spectrum model. Firstly, levels of anxiety were determined using the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Kessler-10 (K-10). Secondly, a tooth-wear score was determined by means of a clinical examination and dental casts. Thirdly, bruxism was rated on an ordinal scale according to specified criteria. A dualistic trend in the relationship between subthreshold symptoms of anxiety and bruxism was observed in the results. In approximately half of the subjects with higher than average anxiety scores, bruxistic behaviour was found. This indicates the possibility of two groups with separate relationships. The dentist could play a role in recognizing that a patient may be experiencing anxiety, expressed through bruxism behaviour, and refer the patient for therapy or counselling. An understanding of the psychological factors involved in the aetiology of bruxism could foster a more holistic approach to the treatment of patients with signs of bruxism. </LI></UL>
The relationship between the big five personality traits and burnout in South African university students
<UL><LI>Author: Morgan, Brandon De Bruin, Karina </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 182-191</LI> <LI>Abstract: Research on burnout has tended to explore the organisational factors associated with this condition. However, an important factor that is often overlooked is the relationship between burnout and personality. We explored this relationship in South African university students. The participants completed the Basic Traits Inventory - Short, the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Student Survey and a biographical questionnaire. The results revealed several significant relationships between personality traits and burnout with personality explaining a sizeable degree of variance in burnout. Neuroticism, Extroversion and Conscientiousness demonstrated a relationship with all three burnout constructs (emotional exhaustion, cynicism and professional efficacy). Personality traits explained 13% of the variance in emotional exhaustion, 12.8% of the variance in cynicism and 24.8% of the variance in professional efficacy. </LI></UL>
Narratives of therapists using a fortigenic approach - synthesis and synergy
<UL><LI>Author: De Lange, Erica F. </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 192-203</LI> <LI>Abstract: I focus on the fortigenic qualities of psychotherapists in full-time long-term private practice to explore the narratives of these therapists from a fortigenic perspective. The qualitative research process and methodology are presented, with a description of the unique method of narrative synthesis and synergy. The focus in the article is to discuss this research process. The research results of the conversations are presented in the form of a literary short story - this is the new narrative or product of the research. This research review concludes with a reflection on resonance and the complexity of the research process, as well as possible future directions for research, both locally and internationally. </LI></UL>
Friendship in socially isolating work environments
<UL><LI>Author: Milner, Karen Russell, Jennifer Siemers, Ian </LI><LI>Vol 40 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2010</LI> <LI>Page: 204-213</LI> <LI>Abstract: Our aim was to assess the relationship between workplace friendship and organisational commitment in the call centre environment. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to collect the data. Three call centres within a South African financial institution were sampled. Self-report questionnaires were distributed in order to obtain quantitative data, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with call centre operators. The results of the quantitative analyses revealed a positive relationship between workplace friendship and organisational commitment in two of the three call centres. From the qualitative analysis, four themes were identified: the alienating nature of call centre work resulting in lack of commitment to the call centres; high commitment to the financial institution in which the call centres were based; structural and managerial constraints on friendship formation; and agency, on the part of call centre operators to resist the structural and managerial constraints on friendship. The practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. </LI></UL>
No Issue Number
Hypnotherapy in the 21st Century : call for Papers : special issue of South African Journal of Psychology
<UL><LI>Author: Maree, Jacobus G. </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 123</LI> <LI>Abstract: Hypnotherapy offers a distinctive opportunity for enabling people to experience wellbeing, happiness, comfort, and fulfilment. It also offers a unique opportunity to interface First, Second, and Third Wave approaches in psychotherapy, despite its deep psychodynamic roots. However, the ways in which hypnotherapy can integrate these approaches, and move ahead to embrace the Fourth Wave, needs to be made more explicit. </LI></UL>
Cognitive science and neuropsychology : call for papers : special issue of South African Journal of Psychology
<UL><LI>Author: Cockcroft, Kate Thomas, Kevin Turnbull, Oliver Van Ommen, Clifford </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 124</LI> <LI>Abstract: The fields of cognitive science and neuropsychology, although some of the fastest developing areas in Psychology internationally, are currently under-developed in southern Africa. This special issue provides an opportunity to demonstrate and promote the emerging expertise in these fields in southern Africa. </LI></UL>
The impact of burnout on the intention to quit among professional nurses in the Free State region - a national crisis'
<UL><LI>Author: Pienaar, Jacobus W. Bester, Coenraad L. </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 113-122</LI> <LI>Abstract: Thousands of qualified nurses leave the South African health sector on an annual basis owing to various reasons, including burnout. Research showed that demanding work circumstances could influence employees to consider whether to leave an organisation or not. The aim of this study was to determine the level of burnout among professional nurses and to explore the potential impact of burnout on the intention to quit / change. The sample consisted of 563 professional nurses representing 140 clinics located in five health districts in the Free State region. A total of 542 (97%) questionnaires were completed and returned. Participants in the study were predominantly black (83.8%), female (89.3%), day-shift working (89.8%) and full-time employed (99.8%). The measuring tools included a biographical questionnaire, Maslach's Burnout Inventory to determine the level of burnout of professional nurses, and an Intention to Quit / Change questionnaire. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences regarding burnout between different groups with varying degrees of intention to quit / change. Respondents exhibited high levels of Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization and average levels of Personal Accomplishment. Respondents with the highest levels of Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization and the lowest levels of Personal Accomplishment displayed a higher degree of intention to quit / change. </LI></UL>
An exploratory study of trainee and registered psychologists' perceptions about indigenous healing systems
<UL><LI>Author: Ramgoon, Sarojini Dalasile, Ndileka Q. Paruk, Zubeda Patel, Cynthia J. </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 90-100</LI> <LI>Abstract: The health care system in South Africa is primarily located within the hegemonic biomedical model. The passing of the Traditional Health Practitioners Act No. 22 of 2007 paved the way for approximately 200,000 traditional healers to be formally recognized and integrated into the health care system, thus challenging the status quo. This exploratory study seeks to explore trainee and registered psychologists' perceptions about indigenous healing and its formal recognition within the existing health care infrastructure. Unstructured individual and focus group interviews were used to gather the data, which were then analysed using thematic content analysis. The results indicate that registered psychologists hold more positive views about indigenous healing compared to trainee psychologists and are more likely to collaborate with traditional healers in their work. The implications of these findings are discussed. </LI></UL>
Towards a definition of philosophical counselling in South Africa
<UL><LI>Author: Louw, Dirk J. Fourie, David P. </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 101-112</LI> <LI>Abstract: The purpose of this study was to define Philosophical Counselling (PC) or, more specifically, PC as practised in South Africa. This was done through allowing South African philosophical counsellors to tell their stories about PC. The epistemological framework was that of social constructionism. The study involved a series of in-depth interviews with three South African philosophical counsellors. The major themes that emerged from the participants' stories seemed to centre around: the existential need for the other; the conceptual need for the other; engaging with the other methodically; and caring for the other. While their stories largely resonate with current and overwhelmingly European and North American conceptions of PC, they also seem to provide a uniquely South African impetus to revise these conceptions. Moreover, the findings of this study may facilitate a dialogue between philosophical counsellors and their colleagues in related professions, especially psychotherapists. </LI></UL>
Judgments of widely held beliefs about psychological phenomena among South African and Australian postgraduate psychology students
<UL><LI>Author: Kagee, Ashraf O'Donovan, Analise </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 83-89</LI> <LI>Abstract: Lay understandings of human cognition, affect, and behaviour often diverge from the findings of scientific investigations. The present study compared South African and Australian fourth year psychology students' judgments about the factual correctness of statements of psychological phenomena that have been demonstrated to be incorrect by empirical research. Students enrolled in the psychology Honours programmes at two large residential universities in South Africa and one university in Australia were asked to respond to a questionnaire that required them to decide on the validity of a list of empirically untrue statements. The results show that a large proportion of all universities believed many incorrect statements to be true. Significant differences between the samples emerged that may have been due to curricular differences between the academic programmes in the two countries. These results are discussed with reference to the teaching of critical thinking skills in psychology courses and the influence of popular culture on beliefs about human behaviour. Recommendations are also made about the teaching of scientific and critical reasoning skills in academic psychology programmes. </LI></UL>
Intern clinical psychologists' experiences of their training and internship placements
<UL><LI>Author: Pillay, Anthony L. Johnston, Emma R. </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 74-82</LI> <LI>Abstract: The study involved a mail survey of all 150 intern clinical psychologists registered with the HPCSA during the year 2009. A response rate of 55.3% was achieved with a representative provincial distribution. The results indicated that 34.9% of the respondents felt adequately prepared for the internship and 53% felt only partly prepared, while 53% considered the training to be relevant and 31.3% felt it was only partly relevant. Although the majority of the respondents were satisfied with various components of their work and supervision, less than half reported having adequate infrastructural support. Only 12% had completed their Masters' dissertations, and less than one-third of the sample favoured the proposed HPCSA ruling on dissertation completion before the internship. The majority of respondents were keen to pursue further research and a doctorate. One-third had planned to emigrate, and this group showed significantly higher levels of dissatisfaction with aspects of the training and supervision, experienced significantly more language difficulties with patients, and had significantly less favourable views of Community Service. The results are discussed within the context of local and international training issues in Professional Psychology, with some recommendations provided. </LI></UL>
The relationship between work-family enrichment and work-family satisfaction outcomes
<UL><LI>Author: Jaga, Ameeta Bagraim, Jeffrey </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 52-62</LI> <LI>Abstract: In this study, we investigate the positive aspects of the interface between work and family by examining the relationship between work-family enrichment and work-family satisfaction outcomes. Employees (N = 336) at a national retail chain completed a survey questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that work-to-family enrichment explains a significant proportion of the variance in both job satisfaction and career satisfaction and that the affective component of family-to-work enrichment explains a significant proportion of the variance in family satisfaction. Implications for both work-family theory and management practice are discussed. </LI></UL>
An emic perspective on the dynamics of non-fatal suicidal behaviour in a sample of South African Indian women
<UL><LI>Author: Beekrum, Rakhi Valjee, Sachet R. Collings, Steven J. </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 63-73</LI> <LI>Abstract: We aimed to obtain an emic perspective on the dynamics of non-fatal suicidal behaviour in a high risk population group in South African, viz. adolescent females of Indian origin. Interviews were conducted with 10 respondents admitted to a state hospital in the greater Durban area, following their intentional overdose of prescription medication. Interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed in an attempt to identify influences on suicidal behaviour. Intrapersonal influences on suicidal behaviour included poor communication and problem-solving skills. Interpersonal influences included family conflict, rigid and inflexible parental attitudes, a family history of attempted or completed suicide and high parental expectations. Socio-cultural influences related largely to conflicting social roles and values in the context of contemporary acculturation pressures. The study findings are discussed in terms of their implications for prevention and future research. </LI></UL>
Intervention groups for HIV-infected women : the need for additional services
<UL><LI>Author: Eloff, Irma Forsyth, Brian Finestone, Michelle Ebersohn, Liesel Visser, Maretha Ferreira, Ronel Boeving, Alex Sikkema, Kathleen </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 38-51</LI> <LI>Abstract: The Kgolo Mmogo study is a randomised controlled intervention trial that examines the effectiveness of a group intervention to enhance resilience in HIV-infected South African mothers (N = 427) and their young children (N = 435). We describe here how the severity of psychological and social problems experienced by some of the study participants required referrals for other services and discuss the barriers encountered in facilitating such referrals. Over a 30-month period 54 mothers and 59 children were referred for additional support. For mothers, the most frequent reasons for referral related to domestic violence and problems within relationships, while for children the most common grounds for referral were the evaluation and treatment of behavioural problems and severe emotional disturbances, including depression. Eight children were referred for suspected abuse. Observations from the study demonstrate that current systems for referral are overloaded and that there is a paucity of specialised services available. Our experience suggests that participants may benefit from using the intervention as a first point of support and that psychosocial referrals should perhaps be delayed until functional advice is provided (within the group) on ways of accessing wider support effectively. The intervention may also benefit from the inclusion of an intervention team member who is specifically tasked to follow up on referrals. This includes follow-up for participants who were not included in the group intervention. Furthermore, we argue that socio-economic constraints, which often manifest as lack of mobility to access service delivery, can severely impact on the implementation of an intervention study in a developing context. This constraint is experienced in terms of limited access to experimental intervention groups and services from referrals. </LI></UL>
Turkish students' metaphorical conceptualisations of school counsellors
<UL><LI>Author: Ozabacy, Nilufer </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 29-37</LI> <LI>Abstract: Metaphorical language is a tool we use automatically to better express how we experience ourselves and our world. Metaphors provide a fresh or new understanding, and they also structure our thoughts and actions. The purpose of this study was to explore secondary school students' conceptual metaphors (a) to engage counsellors in evaluating beliefs of students about counselling, and (b) to support the continued evolution and modification of metaphors so that they embody and reflect principles of counselling revealed in counselling studies and during field placement experiences. Thus, we examined the changes in students' beliefs about counselling that come about as a result of engaging in the normal activities associated with the counselling experience in schools. The study was carried out with 1,125 students attending secondary schools in Turkey. To discover the participating students' perceptions regarding their school counsellor, they were asked to complete the sentence "School Counsellors are like ... because ...." The metaphors produced by the participants were assigned to six categories: (1) Counsellor as Developer and Tutor, (2) Counsellor as Sincere and Earnest Person, (3) Counsellor as Elucidator and Advisor, Directive Person, (4) Counsellor as Healer, (5) Counsellor as Goody-Goody, and (6) Counsellor as Nurturer. The findings strongly suggest that school counsellors can use metaphor analysis as a means of assisting students in the examination of their values, beliefs, and philosophies about guidance and counselling. </LI></UL>
Developing a cognitive behavioural therapy model to assist women to deal with HIV and stigma
<UL><LI>Author: Tshabalala, Jan Visser, Maretha </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 17-28</LI> <LI>Abstract: A model of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) was developed, implemented, and assessed, in order to assist HIV-positive women deal with HIV and internalised stigma. Interviews with HIV-positive women revealed five common themes in the experience of HIV: feelings of powerlessness; anger and guilt; destructive behaviour; experience of stigma; and uncertainty about the future. These themes were used in the development of an intervention. The intervention was implemented and evaluated. Twenty HIV-positive women were randomly assigned to an experimental group who received eight sessions of individual therapy, and a control group who were placed on a waiting list. Pre- and post-assessments of the two groups were compared using five quantitative scales measuring coping skills, internalised stigma, enacted stigma, self-esteem, and depression. Additionally, a qualitative analysis was made of transcripts of the therapy sessions to explore the effect of various therapeutic techniques. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests show that after therapy the experimental group experienced lower levels of depression, internalised stigma and negative coping, and higher levels of self-esteem and positive coping, compared to the control group. Techniques that were effectively used were identified. It is recommended that practising psychologists explore and develop this CBT model with their HIV-positive clients. </LI></UL>
Editorial : research in psychology : in search of quality assurance
<UL><LI>Author: Maree, Jacobus G. </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 1-5</LI> <LI>Abstract: In a previous editorial (Maree, 2010), I referred to the prominent role of assessment in psychological research. Everything in the amended scope of practice of psychologists revolves around this critical activity. In this editorial, I wish to return to this debate, but from a different angle. </LI></UL>
A meta-analysis of coefficient alpha for the Impact of Event Scales : a reliability generalization study
<UL><LI>Author: Vassar, Matt Knaup, Kayce G. Hale, William Hale, Heather </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 1</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 6-16</LI> <LI>Abstract: We conducted a score reliability meta-analysis across studies using the Impact of Event Scales. Five hundred and ninety-four studies using the measure were located through electronic database searches and then separated to identify studies that had calculated and reported reliability coefficients from their own data. The 66 articles that remained were then coded to identify potential study characteristics that might influence the variation in reliability estimates. Results indicate adequate internal consistency estimates for all subscales across both scale versions. Furthermore, coefficient alpha was positively correlated with studies involving war and abuse victims for the IES Avoidance subscale. The alpha coefficient was also positively correlated with the percentage of female participants for the Intrusion subscale and negatively correlated to journal type for the composite reliability estimate. Results from this study provide useful information, in terms of scale performance, for researchers interested in using the scale for future academic pursuits and for school psychologists. In particular, implications for school psychologists are considered. </LI></UL>
Overnights and overkill : post-divorce contact for infants and toddlers
<UL><LI>Author: Strous, Martin </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 196-206</LI> <LI>Abstract: In post-divorce and post-separation contexts, overnight visitation is being recommended with increasing frequency for non-resident parents. However, there is confusion as to whether sleepover access serves the best interests of young children. My purpose in this paper is to raise awareness and to encourage debate on children's needs regarding overnight contact during early developmental phases. I review available research and reflect critically on emerging trends with reference to attachment theory, practical experience, parental and gender rights, cultural considerations, and adversarial legal contexts. I suggest that insistence on overnight contact in highly contested matters may be a form of overkill that serves parental and legal demands more than the best interests of children, and conclude that individual cases should be assessed with reference to, amongst other things, processes of separation, reunion, and attachment. </LI></UL>
Youth attitudes towards advertisements depicting nudity and alcohol : ethical dilemmas in advertising
<UL><LI>Author: Dubihlela, Job Dubihlela, Dorah </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 207-217</LI> <LI>Abstract: Ethical issues are complex and manifest themselves in all aspects of humanity, including business. Advertising ethics are essentially concerned with issues of morality and the moral conduct of advertisers (marketers/advertising professionals). This study is primarily concerned with ethical issues in advertising. Ethics play a definite role, yet there is a lack of clarity on what is ethical and what is unethical when it comes to advertising. This creates dilemmas for professionals who design advertisement campaigns. Specifically, the study examines how the youth are influenced by or respond to advertisements that depict nudity and alcohol. The study reveals that alcoholic and nudity appeals are often used in advertising. Both young men and women are the primary focus and objects in advertisements, with appeals that catch youths' attention in advertisements; usually without much brand recognition. It was found that the youth have different reactions towards these advertisements and are influenced by their context. The youth have differing degrees of negative attitudes towards advertisements depicting nudity and alcoholism. With careful consideration and planning, it is possible for advertisers to find a common ground and use advertisements without offending people in the process. Recommendations to managers and advertising professionals as well as future research gaps on the use of advertisements and ethics are presented. </LI></UL>
HIV and AIDS related stigma : a necessary protective mechanism for children in high exposure areas'
<UL><LI>Author: Goodall, Julia Van Der Riet, Mary O'Neill, Vivien Killian, Beverley </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 187-195</LI> <LI>Abstract: Much research conducted within the context of stigma related to HIV and AIDS focuses on the effects of stigma without reflecting on the complex social processes which contribute to its construction. In order to render HIV and AIDS interventions and treatment strategies more effective, it is important to consider the function of stigma. This study reflects on the complex social processes underlying children's understandings and construction of stigma related to HIV and AIDS. The study used qualitative interview and focus group data generated in a project on barriers to learning. The findings suggest that the process of stigma construction functions as a protective othering response that may provide a necessary psychological defence in the often overwhelming context of HIV and AIDS. A focus on how children make sense of stigma is at the heart of changing future health behaviours in this context. </LI></UL>
Narratives of masculinity in the Daily Sun : implications for HIV risk and prevention
- Author: Gibbs, Andrew Jobson, Geoff
- Vol 41 Issue 2
- Publication: 2011
- Page: 173-186
- Abstract: Dominant and hegemonic masculinities typically place women and men at risk of contracting HIV through reinforcing gender inequalities. Challenging these masculinities is increasingly seen as a precondition for tackling HIV&AIDS. Narratives of masculinity are the symbolic tools, which men draw upon to construct their social identities. Understanding the composition of these narratives of masculinity is central for understanding how narratives of masculinity may, or may not, shape HIV-related health behaviours. The media is a central space in which narratives of masculinity are produced and reproduced. We analyse five days' worth of the newspaper, the Daily Sun , in December 2008 to identify the different narratives of masculinity that circulate in the newspaper. Through thematic analysis we identify three different global-narratives: (i) Masculinity and work, (ii) Masculinity, violence and crime, and (iii) Masculinity and HIV. We explore each of these narratives and suggest how they may create contexts in which certain HIV-related health behaviours are more or less likely. We suggest that despite the variation in the narratives of masculinity circulating in the Daily Sun these narratives are limited and typically undermine HIV-related health behaviours by either sustaining a masculine ideal that is unachievable, emphasising a narrative of a disempowered masculinity, or by providing limited masculine narratives around HIV&AIDS. We emphasise how this undermines HIV prevention and suggest possible approaches to challenging these narratives.
Career success of women academics in South Africa
<UL><LI>Author: Riordan, Sarah Louw-Potgieter, Joha </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 157-172</LI> <LI>Abstract: We used career psychology variables found in the literature to explain the career success of academic women in South Africa. The impact of work centrality (moderated by care-giving), motivation, career anchors, and self-efficacy on career success was examined. The sample (N = 372) included permanently employed women academics in public universities. Path analysis was used to test the proposed model of career success. Seven independent variables remained in the final path model, namely, work centrality; the motivational factors of self-efficacy, motivational expectations, and motivational valence; and three career anchors (autonomy, entrepreneurial creativity, and service/dedication to a cause). These variables explained the variance of distinctly different dependent variables. For objective career success, publication output and qualifications were positively related to the career anchor autonomy, and negatively to service and entrepreneurial creativity. Teaching evaluation and community service were positively related to motivational valence. Subjective career success was positively related to work centrality, motivational expectancy, and self-efficacy, and negatively to motivational valence. Care-giving responsibility did not impact on work centrality. When the final path model was examined further for differences based on race, career stage (race combined with age), and career progress (job level combined with length of service), career progress was the only significant participant classification criterion. The results of this study were used to develop a framework of excellence promotion for academic women. The study was limited by the type of modelling used and the convenience sample. </LI></UL>
Women's experiences of an intervention for violent men
<UL><LI>Author: De La Harpe, Kim Boonzaier, Floretta </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 147-156</LI> <LI>Abstract: South Africa has one of the highest rates of intimate partner violence in the world. However, very little research has been done in South Africa on the interventions that combat this violence. We investigated an intervention for domestically violent men through the experiences of six female partners during programme participation. Interpretative phenomenology was used to analyse women's experiences of the intervention programme. During programme participation men continued to dominate female partners by keeping information about domestic violence secret and accusing the woman of being the abuser. Women continued to experience psychological abuse and were ambivalent about the long-term effectiveness of the programme. The study highlights the importance of hearing women's voices when assessing programme effectiveness, predicting future abuse, and increasing the long-term efficacy of intervention programmes. </LI></UL>
The determinants of family resilience among families in low- and middle-income contexts : a systematic literature review
<UL><LI>Author: Bhana, Arvin Bachoo, Shaneel </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 131-139</LI> <LI>Abstract: Resilience research has traditionally revolved around individual risk and protective factors that enable people to succeed in spite of adverse circumstances. More recently, the scope of resilience research has expanded into the interpersonal realm, giving rise to constructs such as family resilience (FR). In this systematic literature review, we identify the empirically validated determinants of family resilience, with particular reference to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Twelve databases were searched for relevant peer-reviewed publications from 1991 to 2010. A review of the findings revealed several familial and social resilience-building factors for families in LMICs. We discuss these findings in relation to findings from better-resourced contexts and provide recommendations for future research. </LI></UL>
Family therapy for schizophrenia in the South African context : challenges and pathways to implementation
<UL><LI>Author: Kritzinger, Janis Swartz, Leslie Mall, Sumaya Asmal, Laila </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 140-146</LI> <LI>Abstract: Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder that affects 1% of the world's population. Family interventions whereby the patients and their relatives can attend psychiatric therapy sessions are effective at preventing relapse of symptoms. In a country such as South Africa where there has been a shift from institutionalisation to community care, family therapy treatment models are an important option to explore. Although there is a paucity of research on family therapy for schizophrenia in the South African context, we found a number of studies conducted in both developed and developing countries. Problems with adherence to medication, lack of psycho-education and low expressed emotion (EE) were identified as challenges to effective family therapy models. A country such as South Africa has additional challenges of stigmatisation of mental illness as well as cultural perceptions of illness that may influence barriers to mental health care. These should be considered when designing family therapy interventions. We suggest further research endeavour to explore the applicability of family therapy models for people living with schizophrenia in South Africa. EE in relation to different cultural groups in South Africa should be considered. </LI></UL>
Reflecting on research and practice in psychology : serving and facilitating rigour : editorial
<UL><LI>Author: Maree, Kobus </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 125-130</LI> <LI>Abstract: All the contributors to the current issue have, to a greater or a lesser extent, dealt with either the theory or the practice or a combination of these two facets of the science of psychology. In covering innovative techniques, as well as older techniques applied innovatively, the contributions have helped push forward the boundaries of the field of psychology. This is in essence why psychologists conduct research and attempt to get their findings published. In line with this aim, we at the SAJP have repeatedly called on academics, as well as practitioners, to reflect and report on their research and practice. I believe that a meta-analysis approach to research is what is needed more than anything else to move the profession forward in the 21st century. </LI></UL>
The imminent demise of South African (SA) psychology : a response to Kagee (2006a,b) and Kagee (2009)
<UL><LI>Author: Cooper, S. Nicholas , L.J. Bawa, U.L. </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 250-252</LI> <LI>Abstract: In commentary on Kagee (2006a), Swartz (2006) points out that while decrying the lack of empirical evidence in South African clinical psychology, Kagee (2006a) himself does not provide any such evidence for his sweeping statements that SA psychology has become increasingly devoid of an empirical base and that South African mental health professionals have failed to incorporate empirical findings in their clinical work. Swartz (2006) considers this somewhat ironic whereas the major point of the paper is invalidated by this lack of evidence. Nonetheless, Swartz (2006, p. 252) suggests that Kagee (2006a) is probably 'correct overall' yet he imagines that psychology's empirical base has been improving. He further contends that there is much more to the evidence-based paradigm than is considered by Kagee. In response, Kagee (2006b) states that considerable circumstantial evidence exists to support his claims, which he believes is sufficient. </LI></UL>
Performance of South African adolescents on two versions of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
<UL><LI>Author: Blumenau, Jeanine Broom, Yvonne </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 228-238</LI> <LI>Abstract: In South Africa the multicultural and multilinguistic nature of society has impacted on the cultural appropriateness of psychological tests. In the assessment of memory and learning, tasks such as the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) are widely used although they may not be standardised for the South African context. We investigated how South African learners performed on the RAVLT as well as on an adapted version of this test, the South African List Learning Test (SALLT). The impact of language differences on performance was also noted. Subjects were 54 first (L1) and second language (L2) English speaking secondary school learners. Results indicated that South African learners achieved a higher level of recall on the SALLT than on the Euro-American RAVLT. Findings confirmed the impact of language experience on performance and highlight the necessity for the development and standardisation of culturally relevant psychological tests in South Africa. </LI></UL>
Relating learning strategies, self-esteem, intellectual functioning with academic achievement among first-year engineering students
<UL><LI>Author: Seabi, Joseph </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 239-249</LI> <LI>Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between learning strategies, self-esteem, intellectual functioning and academic achievement among first-year engineering students in South Africa. The current study also intended to determine which variables would contribute significantly to academic achievement. Four measures (Learning and Study Strategies Inventory, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, Organiser, and Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices) were administered to 111 students. The students' final examination results served as a measure of academic achievement. Modest but significant correlations were found between self-esteem, learning strategies, Organiser, and academic achievement. Results further revealed Attitude, Freedom from Anxiety, Test Strategies, and Organiser as significant contributors to academic achievement. Implications for educational practice are discussed. </LI></UL>
A Cognitive-behavioural-based Counselling Intervention Programme : a rationale for the counselling of adolescents and youth living with HIV&AIDS in a rural South African town
- Author: L'Etang, Shlaine
- Vol 41 Issue 2
- Publication: 2011
- Page: 218-227
- Abstract: Adolescence, on its own, is a tremendously trying period for any young person, and having to cope with the added burden of being HIV-positive can have a devastating effect on a young person's psychological development. This is why the need for strategies and interventions aimed at the mental health of young people living with HIV&AIDS (PLWHA) is becoming increasingly critical. Despite the increased levels of psychological distress faced by HIV-positive adolescents and despite the numerous calls for counselling post-diagnosis, little has been done to meet the psychosocial needs of South African adolescents and youth living with HIV&AIDS from a developmental point of view. This article outlines the initiatives that have been implemented to target the health of young PLWHA and makes the argument that new interventions catering for the psychosocial needs of young PLWHA, in terms of managing the virus, need to be developed. In conclusion, the Cognitive-behavioural-based Counselling Intervention Programme is introduced as one possible means of meeting the psychosocial needs of young PLWHA.
Race trouble : race identity and inequality in post-apartheid South Africa : how we grew to understand the world, Kevin Durrheim, Xoliswa Mtose, Lindsay Brown : book review
<UL><LI>Author: Ratele, K. </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 253-255</LI> <LI>Abstract: Let me say this upfront. When Race trouble was launched I was the guest speaker. Others may think it a flattering gesture to get invited to speak at a book launch, but it brings with it all manner of trouble. There may be a feeling on such an occasion for the guest, having agreed to talk, to praise the authors while crossing fingers behind one's back. You can't be too critical. As I was to say, I don't know why Professor Durrheim and his colleagues and UKZN Press invited me in the first place to talk at the launch of their book. Except, perhaps, I said, I think Professor Durrheim imagined I would say something along the lines that if someone is going to say something interesting about race and racism in South Africa today, or racism anywhere in the world, Kevin is. I think he thinks I regard his work with respect. And so I do, which means I found little cause to flatter back. </LI></UL>
Call for papers : special issue of South African Journal of Psychology volume 42(3), September 2012 : cognitive science and neuropsychology : call for papers
<UL><LI>Author: Cockcroft, Kate Thomas, Kevin Turnbull, Oliver Van Ommen, Clifford </LI><LI>Vol 41 Issue 2</LI> <LI>Publication: 2011</LI> <LI>Page: 256</LI> <LI>Abstract: The fields of cognitive science and neuropsychology, although some of the fastest developing areas in Psychology internationally, are currently under-developed in southern Africa. This special issue provides an opportunity to demonstrate and promote the emerging expertise in these fields in southern Africa. </LI></UL>
No Issue Number
Empathy and personal experiences of trainees in an Emotional Literacy and Persona Doll programme in South Africa
<UL><LI>Author: Barnfather, Nikki Amod, Zaytoon </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 598-607</LI> <LI> : South Africa's young children face many devastating problems that can hamper their emotional and social development. As a result, the Emotional Literacy and Persona Doll programme is an attempt to intervene in the emotional development of young children. The Persona Dolls are used as an educational and therapeutic tool to encourage and develop emotional expression, management and emotional literacy in young children. Previous studies have shown positive effects of the programme with children. However, the development of the trainees and practitioners who use these dolls has yet to be researched. Therefore, this research study is an assessment of the development of empathy, and the personal experiences of trainees who underwent the emotional literacy and Persona Doll training programme in South Africa. This was done through the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and a thematic content analysis of the participants' feelings, experiences, and thoughts in a journal, process notes, and an evaluation form. There was a total of 14 participants, including newly trained psychologists, social workers and teachers. Although the quantitative results did not show any significance in terms of an improvement in empathy, the qualitative results demonstrated that the participants found that they were more able to think and talk about their own emotions, and the emotions of others. Furthermore, the group of participants learned important skills of reflection and containment, which they believe they can now use and which they are using in their work with others, and their families. </LI></UL>
Adventure-based experiences during professional training in psychology : a follow-up study
<UL><LI>Author: Human, Lourens </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 586-597</LI> <LI> : Postgraduate counselling psychology training at the University of Pretoria (UP), South Africa (SA), is done according to the researcher-practitioner model. An important aspect that is addressed during the unfolding of the postgraduate counselling psychology programme is professional development, which consists of professional practice and personal growth. Professional practice addresses the legislative context of practising psychology in SA, while personal growth focuses on the "person" of the postgraduate counselling psychology students. During the programme personal growth is addressed through supervision, counselling and an adventure experience. The purpose of this research is to describe the personal growth of 19 students through an adventure experience in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, SA. The students participated in various adventure activities (archery, obstacle course, sea kayaking, sea rafting, abseiling), as well as in eight group debriefing sessions. At the end of the adventure experience the students reflected in writing on their adventure experience. The research was conducted from a descriptive phenomenological position and the written reflections analysed according to the Duquesne Phenomenological Research Method (DPRM). From the analysis it seems that the essence of the students' personal growth pertained to students growing in awareness; challenging their boundaries; discovering uniqueness, creating trust amongst one another and demonstrating the ability to collectively establish group cohesion. </LI></UL>
An exploration of flexibility/rigidity as relational quality of African migrants in South Africa as new cultural and socialenvironment
<UL><LI>Author: Chigeza, Shingairai Roos, Vera </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 576-585</LI> <LI> : This article attempts to draw attention to the interpersonal interactions of African migrants and to how the relational quality, namely, flexibility/rigidity, could potentially facilitate or limit their acculturation in South Africa. The study on which the article is based is part of a larger international research project on the commonalities and differences in the way that intergenerational relations, citizenship and belonging play out in three countries: the United Kingdom, France and South Africa. Ten families and 24 individual participants (men and women in the age range 18-59) from different African countries who had migrated to South Africa were selected through purposive sampling. The data were obtained through in-depth personal interviews that were thematically analysed using a secondary data analysis approach. Although more relational qualities would provide a comprehensive description of migrants' interpersonal styles, the relational quality of flexibility/rigidity of migrants who participated in this research, ranged on a continuum from being too flexible to being too close and some were in between. Migrants who were flexible could associate themselves with the new cultural and social environment and expand their behavioural repertoire. The migrants in the study, who were too flexible and too close, experienced discomfort. The study findings can be used as baseline for further research to support the adjustment of migrants in South Africa. </LI></UL>
Historicising the relevance debate : South African and American psychology in context
<UL><LI>Author: Sher, Daniel Long, Wahbie </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 564-575</LI> <LI> : The relevance debate in psychology can be described as discourse which calls for the discipline to become more socially valuable and accessible to those who purportedly need it. Literature suggests that there is a socio-historical dimension to relevance discourse that is frequently overlooked by those engaging in the debate, resulting in a typically a historical and axiomatic presentation. It is therefore argued that an historical perspective on the relevance debate is necessary for an informed consideration of its attending issues. This paper compares relevance discourse from South Africa (1974-1994) and the United States of America (1960-1980) by means of a thematic analysis of journal articles published during these periods in the South African Journal of Psychology and American Psychologist, respectively. The analysis yielded six key analytic themes: social upheaval; the pure applied dichotomy in psychology; the role of psychology in socio-political matters; the place of human values in science; equity in psychology; and indigenising psychology. The first five themes are common to both the American and South African debates. Consequently, it is argued that the two debates arose in similar social contexts and that, in particular, the relevance debate is associated with conditions of social upheaval. This historicisation of relevance discourse permits a more critical and accurate understanding of the relationship between the debate and contemporary society. </LI></UL>
Talking South African fathers : a critical examination of men's constructions and experiences of fatherhood and fatherlessness
<UL><LI>Author: Ratele, Kopano Shefer, Tamara Clowes, Lindsay </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 553-563</LI> <LI> : The absence of biological fathers in South Africa has been constructed as a problem for children of both sexes but more so for boy-children. Arguably the dominant discourse in this respect has demonized non-nuclear, female-headed households. Fathers are constructed as either absent or 'bad'.Thus it has become important to explore more closely how male care-givers have been experienced by groups of men in South Africa. This article examines discourses of fatherhood and fatherlessness by drawing on qualitative interviews with a group of 29 men who speak about their reported experiences and understandings of being fathered or growing up without biological fathers. Two major and intertwined subjugated discourses about adult men's experiences of being fathered that counterbalance the prevailing discourses about meaning of fatherhood and fatherlessness became evident, namely, 'being always there' and 'talking fatherhood'. The importance of the experience of fatherhood as 'being there', which relates to a quality of time and relationship between child and father rather than physical time together, is illustrated. It is not only biological fathers who can 'be there' for their sons but also social fathers, other significant male role models and father figures who step in at different times in participants' lives when biological fathers are unavailable for whatever reason. Second, many positive experiences of fathers or father figures that resist a traditional role of authority and control and subscribe to more nurturant and non-violent forms of care, represented as 'talking' fathers, are underlined. If we are to better understand the impact of colonial and apartheid history and its legacy on family life in contemporary society, there is a need for more historically and contextually informed studies on the meaning of fatherhood and fatherlessness. </LI></UL>
Psychosocial variables related to the international professional mobility of Congolese and Moroccan executives
<UL><LI>Author: Mokounkolo, Rene Pasquier, Daniel Fouquereau, Evelyne Dumond, Georges </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 543-552</LI> <LI> : Taking a sociocognitive approach, the aims of our research were to identify the links between psychosocial variables and the international professional mobility of Moroccan and Congolese executives, and to examine the extent to which this desire can be explained by a hypothetical model, setting the explanatory psychosocial variables and the explained variable in a nomological space. The investigation was conducted through a set of questionnaires completed by 63 Congolese and 128 Moroccan executives. The results identify the executives who are satisfied with their present career and their life in general and who believe in the advantages of a national career, and those who express a desire for change and believe in the advantages of an international career. The former aspire to a sedentary life, while the latter show a tendency towards mobility. The discussion underlines the relevance of this sociocognitive approach and method based on nomological space to explain these results. It also raises management issues regarding the international mobility of African executives in a context of accelerated globalization. </LI></UL>
The relationship between mixed model emotional intelligence and personality
<UL><LI>Author: Van Zyl, Casper J.J. De Bruin, V. </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 532-542</LI> <LI> : Mixed model emotional intelligence and trait measures of personality have been shown to be substantially correlated in the research literature. At the same time, mixed model EI seems to offer good incremental validity over and above personality. Previous research has used correlation studies and joint factor analysis to examine the relationship between EI and personality and found that EI loaded as a separate construct in personality factor space. Owing to the possibility of method artefact when using joint factor analysis across two variable sets, this study explored the EI-personality relationship by means of interbattery factor analyses. Two trait personality questionnaires, the Hogan Personality Inventory and the Work Personality Index, were used along with the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) as a measure of emotional intelligence. Two independent samples were used, each made up of secondary data collected from respondents (n = 388; n = 615) who completed the assessments for selection or development purposes. Some similar factors emerged in both analyses, pointing to three robust areas of overlap between mixed model EI and personality: (1) behaviours related to internal constraint, (2) interpersonal functioning, and (3) components related to extraverted behaviour. The results of this study facilitate our understanding of the relationship between mixed model EI and personality. They also provide more clarity on the EQ-i's theoretical base in relation to mainstream personality research. </LI></UL>
How do industrial psychologists and human resource management practitioners perceive their status and job satisfaction'
<UL><LI>Author: Donald, Fiona M. Bleekers, Robin J. </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 522-531</LI> <LI> : The aim of this study was to compare the perceived status and job satisfaction of registered industrial psychologists with that of human resource management (HRM) practitioners who are not registered as industrial psychologists. In South Africa, registration with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) is a statutory requirement which entitles one to call oneself an industrial psychologist, and to perform certain psychological acts. However, many personnel who are not registered psychologists also work in the field of HRM and are not required to register with a statutory body. Despite differences in the minimum qualifications required and statutory registration requirements, there is a great deal of overlap between the roles of industrial psychologists and other HRM practitioners in organisations. This raises issues regarding the perceived benefits of registration. This research focuses on perceptions of status as a potential intrinsic benefit of registration. Self-report questionnaires were completed by 46 participants who were registered with the HPCSA and 45 HRM practitioners who were not registered (n = 91). Results found no significant difference in status or job satisfaction between registered and non-registered participants. The findings are discussed in terms of the motivation to qualify and register as an industrial psychologist and implications for professional identity and practice. </LI></UL>
Reflections on the Scope of Practice in the South African profession of psychology : a moral plea for relevance and a future vision
<UL><LI>Author: Pretorius, Gertie </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 509-521</LI> <LI> : My aim in this article is to critically reflect on the newly promulgated Scope of Practice for psychologists and to make a moral plea for the profession to become more relevant in South Africa. I draw on the clinical/medical and scientific discourse (Eurocentric vs. Afrocentric) that permeates the profession to demonstrate that a discourse of power operates in the Scope of Practice debates. Thereafter I reflect on the profession of psychology in South Africa and argue that the Scope of Practice is fundamental to the relevance of the profession. I conclude with a moral plea to professionals for the profession to transform from one-on-one counselling, as the sole means of working, to include curative, preventative, and developmental interventions. </LI></UL>
Authentic happiness of managers, and individual and organisational outcomes
<UL><LI>Author: Swart, Johannes Rothmann, Sebastiaan </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 492-508</LI> <LI> : The aim of this study was to investigate managers' orientations to happiness and the relationship thereof to individual and organisational outcomes. A cross-sectional survey design was used with managers in the agricultural sector in South Africa (N = 507). The Orientations to Happiness Questionnaire (Revised), Satisfaction with Life Scale, Affect Balance Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale, Organisational Commitment Scale, and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Scale were administered. The results showed that orientations to happiness (i.e. pleasure, meaning and engagement) had strong direct effects on subjective well-being, job satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour. Orientations to happiness also impacted job satisfaction and organisational commitment indirectly through subjective well-being. Subjective well-being had a strong direct and positive effect on job satisfaction, as well as a positive indirect effect on organisational commitment.The results build on the knowledge regarding individual and organisational outcomes of authentic happiness. </LI></UL>
Using mixed methods in South African psychological research
<UL><LI>Author: Barnes, Brendon R. </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 463-475</LI> <LI> : Mixed methods are becoming increasingly popular in social science research. There has recently been a groundswell of literature suggesting that mixed methods should be viewed as a unique form of social enquiry with its own set of philosophical, methodological and practice guidelines, as opposed to the simple combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in one study. In response to three critiques of South African psychological research, this paper argues that regardless of whether we agree that mixed methods is a unique form of social enquiry, the current literature offers useful insights into conceptualising both mixed and mono methods research. It is hoped that this article will stimulate further interest in mixed methods research in South African psychological research. </LI></UL>
The Princeton Trilogy revisited : how have racial stereotypes changed in South Africa'
<UL><LI>Author: Talbot, Kirsten Durrheim, Kevin </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 476-491</LI> <LI> : We investigate how the content of racial stereotypes has changed in response to the profound social and political transformation in South Africa. Following the theorizing in previous work, we expected stereotypes to have changed in response to changing intergroup relations. We replicated a classic stereotype study with a matched sample, and extended the research to include an analysis of stereotype uniformity and contrasts between personal and cultural stereotypes. The results showed that a new language of group difference had emerged, but that many of the representations and trends observed in that study have persisted. The favourability comparisons over time do not suggest that racial stereotypes are fading in South Africa. We found mixed support for the hypothesis that cultural stereotypes will remain relatively stable over time while personal stereotypes may undergo revision. In sum, the research shows that the racial stereotypes have a remarkable inertia, even in the face of dramatic historical change. </LI></UL>
Editorial
<UL><LI>Author: Maree, J.G. </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 461-462</LI> <LI> : The fourth issue of the SAJP for 2012 is the second general issue of the year. In this issue, readers will find an absorbing collection of national, international, transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary contributions. Individually and separately, the contributions are the fruit of hard work and commitment and, collectively, they constitute an impressive collection of perspectives on the topics covered. </LI></UL>
Dialogic reading and child language growth - combating developmental risk in South Africa
<UL><LI>Author: Vally, Zahir </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 617-627</LI> <LI> : The issue of inadequate child cognitive stimulation requires immediate remediation given its widespread prevalence in developing countries. "Dialogic book-sharing" is now recognised as a potent means for stimulating the development of a range of important early cognitive and language skills in children; including receptive and expressive vocabulary, abstract language, the syntactic quality and complexity of sentence construction, emergent literacy skills, literal and inferential language, and oral narrative skills. This article is a review of the current research base on sharing books with young children. It reveals widespread application of this sort of intervention in the developed world, with programmes having been run by training individual parents or as groups in classroom settings. While implementation in poor, developing countries remains scant, there is a clear rationale for testing the applicability of dialogic reading in Africa as there is established evidence that South African children are at a clear cognitive disadvantage to their peers in developed countries. The dialogic reading programme,its components, and implementation issues are discussed with a review of the major empirical findings. It is further argued that this type of intervention poses much potential for addressing the documented loss of developmental potential in South Africa (SA). </LI></UL>
The Ububele Baby Mat Project : a community-based parent-infant intervention at primary health care clinics in Alexandra Township, Johannesburg
<UL><LI>Author: Frost, Katharine </LI><LI>Vol 42 Issue 4</LI> <LI>Publication: 2012</LI> <LI>Page: 608-616</LI> <LI> : This paper describes the Ububele Baby Mat Project - a community parent-infant mental health intervention offered at primary health care clinics in Alexandra (an impoverished township in Johannesburg, South Africa). The paper traces the project's history and theoretical underpinnings. At its core,the Baby Mat Project aims to support the caregiving component (parents/caregivers and their support structures) of the attachment system, through a focus on reflective functioning, observation and direct communication with the infant. The facilitating of wondering, mhlawumbe in isiZulu, encourages deeper thought about the meaning of the presenting problem, which is usually of a seemingly concrete nature. An in situ example illustrates the process of a Baby Mat session. </LI></UL>